What Is a Halide Ion

What is a halide ion? The name halide comes from the element halogen. A halide ion is a singlet halogen atom, which is an anion with a charge of -1. Examples: F-, Cl-, Br-, I-

Drones At Home And The Drone As Privacy Catalyst By Ryan Calo

OBASEKI IDEMUDIA SPECIAL TOPICS Since the invention of the plane and other flying machines, there has been the thought of making an unmanned flying machine. Today we know our unmanned aerial vehicles by another name: drones. In my paper I will be using both Colonel Dawn Zoldi’s article about drones at home and â€Å"The Drone as Privacy Catalyst†, by Ryan Calo to evaluate privacy-related matters that people should consider when it comes to drones. Zoldi’s analysis of how the government can help with personal privacy and unwarranted use of unwarranted searches will aid my own analysis. I will focus on drones and how they relate to the fourth amendment, taking a nuanced approach to operational purpose, renewing focus on collection, dissemination and retention, molding the remedy to the violation, drone as privacy catalyst and finally adding my own thoughts and criticisms about how this could possibly affect privacy. My first area to discuss is applying the fourth amendment of the United States Constitution to drones at home. We notice the trend of how drones are becoming more popular and easier to purchase at commercial stores. We could see how people use drones for a multitude of different reasons: from a distance to record an event, look over their fence without going over etc. This could become a problem because this violates the fourth amendment, which provides â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonableShow MoreRelatedThe Wild, Engineering Technology ( 17509637 ) 9.7 ( 2014 )3767 Words   |  16 Pages(SACAA) banned privately owned drones with cameras in South African airspace. They said the drones had to meet certain â€Å"requirements† which not one did *The next day, the Kenyan government banned privately owned drones with cameras. Drones here were being used to protect black rhinos and the critically endangered northern white rhino *A few weeks earlier, drones had been banned in US National Parks. Drones here were being used to take pictures of wildlife * â€Å"‘Drones are very difficult to control,’

Mt. St. Helens Free Essays

Helene eruption affected Washington State’s Economy On Sunday, May 18, 1980, at 8:AMA, Mat. SST. Helene erupted. We will write a custom essay sample on Mt. St. Helens or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most people don’t realize how the eruption affected our economy. It affected Washington’s forestry / forest production, trade, transportation, topography, fisheries, and wildlife. Our Economy lost millions of dollars. Let’s see how it affected our economy. First, let’s start with forestry/forest production. This affected companies which had been logging. The companies had to cut back on logging while the blasted timber was being harvested. Although the lack of umber caused fluctuations In the market prices for logs, such variation were outweighed in large measures by the downward pressure on market prices generated by the depressed level of the economy. Also, the presence of the ash on the ground and on the logs presented serious problems in harvesting of the logs, and their processing into products. The ash, being gritty in nature, caused extensive wear on chain saws, chipper knives, and other cutting equipment, thus raising costs of logging and of manufacturing. Also, Washington being one of the three Pacific Northwest states plays a role in trade. Washington particularly is important for products like wheat, flour, lumber, and wood products. The main loss was the ash damage to crops like fruit trees, wheat, and barley. The trade for lumber and wood products also decreased from the loss of trees. Trade was also affected from transportation. Without transportation they couldn’t send the exports. Transportation was damaged by ash fall, mudslides, floods, and the blast. As a result that damaged 63 miles of roads, about 25 bridges, and blocked the Columbia River. The highest of all the bridges in the National Forest Service Land damaged was a gig steel- girder. Also, nine bridges by the Tuttle River. The combination of damage to roads and bridges was about $1 12 million dollars, A result of Mat. SST. Helene blow was mudslides In the Tuttle and Cowlick River. When the cowl flooded water lost speed as they mixed with the Tidal Columbia; they could no longer carry nearly as much sediment. Consequently, somewhere between 40 million and 60 million cubic yards of volcanic material entered the Columbia River. The Columbia River was blocked no longer than a week. Traffic resumed 5 days after the eruption. The Columbia River ports were capable of normal operation no longer than a month after the eruption. The damage of the Columbia River created a loss of about 4 percent of all cargo that would have been otherwise passed through the ports in 1980. The Columbia River repairs were $44 million dollars but it was of relatively short duration. The landscape (or topography) of the area around Mat. SST. Helene was greatly affected by the eruption. The blast blew approximately 1. 5 cubic kilometers off the top of the were a major product of the eruption. Most of the north and south forks of the Tuttle River were destroyed. Many other rivers around the mountain, like the Green River and the Cowlick River, had increased silt and sediment deposited, and thus their capacity for water flow and navigation reduced. The second the blast played with the river system, it was serious. The immediate danger was flooding. The communities around the Cowlick and Tuttle River were threatened by the mudflows. Erosion was another danger. In the blast area the devastation was almost complete. The grounds were stripped of vegetation and the natural barriers to erosion were destroyed. Immediately after the blast there was evidence of erosion on the hillsides. As the lilies eroded, it increased the amount of soil and rock. As time went by, the soil and rock then entered into the rivers. The damaging effect of Mat. SST. Helene eruption to fisheries was substantial. It resulted primarily from mudflows and floods. The eruption adversely affected the entire Mat. SST. Helene drainage system. All of the fish in the Tuttle and in the Cowlick Rivers were killed by the eruption. Salmon was the main fish impacted. The majority of them were the young salmon (about 400,000) that were on their way downstream at the time of the eruption. The fisheries estimated a loss of about 12 million Juvenile almond. The salmon losses included all the salmon from all the affected rivers at that time. The dredging of the ship channels in the Columbia and Cowlick Rivers was also believed to have killed many fish. Normally there was no dredging at that time because of the fish migration, but large scale dredging was carried out during the eruption. Fish in the Columbia River were affected by temperatures caused by the eruption. All hatcheries in the region had their costs increased as a result of the necessity of cleaning up the ash that had entered their systems. There was also a cost associated with moving fish from one location to another. The blast destroyed about 154 miles of trout streams and 26 lakes. The total cost of damage for fisheries was about $22 million dollars. Finally, not only did fish die but so did other wildlife. It was estimated by the Washington State Game Department that 1 ,551 ,OHO animals (not including the fish) died because of the eruption. Among the casualties there were about 5,250 elk, 6,000 deer, 200 bears, 100 mountain goats, and 15 cougars. The blast destroyed 195 square miles of habitat. Wildlife in ash-covered areas suffered some chronic health damage room the ash fall, but didn’t become a widespread problem. Respiratory damage to grazing animals was a major concern, but it usually develops only after years of exposure to airborne dust, so it didn’t seem likely. The ash did not appear to be harmful when ingested by grazing animals, but it could injure fish. The ash was extremely sharp and could severely lacerate gills, causing injury or death. The grand total for everything was about 1,213 million dollars. Washington’s Economy was definitely affected by Mat. SST. Helene eruption. I hope this information helps you understand how the eruption affected our economy. How to cite Mt. St. Helens, Papers

Computer Organisation and Architecture Companies

Question: Describe about the Computer Organisation and Architecture of Companies? Answer: Executive summary: The Cosco Corporation (Singapore) limited and the Singapore shipping limited are the companies from the same industry of ship building and other related activities. Both of them are the keen competitors of each other. The cosco company revenue is not very good many ups and down evident in their financial statement. For knowing the trend a of any companys position, the comparison of the financial data with other company need to be done and also its past years financial data need to be analysed. Here also above mentioned companys last three years data are analysed and compare with each other. It is to be noted that such comparison of past years data gives the behaviour of its operation however it does not evident any future of the company. As the future of the company can be affected by some proposed future moves moves which can be non financial in nature. In the below analysis the comparison of income statement, balance sheet and cash flow are carried out . Comparison of Balance sheet between two companies: Cosco Corporation (Singapore) limited: The cash and cash equivalent of the company has been increased of 0.3billion $ from the year 2012 to 2013 and such increase was done as a result of borrowing the funds from the bank as a working capital. During the period of 2013 to 2014 the cash balance was decreased to 0.4 billion $. The trade receivables of the cosco company have been increased from 165.7 million to 2.9 billion $. The total amount of such are been increased as a result of new construction contracts have been received and it was further increased to 4.6$ billion in 2014. The trade payables are been increased in the period of 2012 to 2013 from 451.5 million to 2.7$ billion but such position was not there during the period of 2014 as it was decreased due to less advance amount is received from the customers. The inventory positions of the company remain stagnant. The current assets ratio of the cosco corporation limited for the year 2014 was calculated and it comes to 1.33 times which was sound ratio as compare to industry standards but when comparison is made with the same industry company with Singapore shipping limited than the ratio was very low in front of Singapore limited ratio. Singapore shipping limited: The cash and cash equivalent of the company was for the period starting from 2012 to 2013 was 12.38 million $ and raised ton 17.24 $ million and there was minute increase in the cash equivalent which was 17.95$ million of the whole group. The above increase in amount was due to purchasing the material and the completion of the contracts which makes the inflows of the cash. The trade receivable of the company in the year 2014 was very high which occurs due to higher sales of the company as compare to other years. The company has less trade receivable in against of cosco limited. It seems that such company is huge in comparison of the Singapore shipping limited. The company receivable increased in 2014 was due to advance amount and amount due of the customer for the contract was received in such years. The current assets of the company in against of current liabilities was more than it so we can comment that the company has sound background as the current assets in 2014 was 25989000$ in against of current liabilities was 9448000$ so the current assets ratio comes to 2.75 times which is consider as more than required industry ratio and it was followed for last three years. Comparison of two companies as per income Statement: Cosco Corporation (Singapore) limited: The turnover of the consolidated company of cosco limited was decreased as compared to 2012 by 6.1% from 3.7$ billion to 3.5$ billion. The decrease in amount in 2013 was happened due to lower contribution of the ship repair department and the ship building department. In the period of 2013 to 2014 the company turnover was increased at very fast rate at the rate of 21.5% from the 6.5% and if we can see in terms of money it was 4.3$ billion to 3.5$ billion and such increase was due to mainly growth in the revenue of the ship repairs and the ship building. Let see as per profitability of the company the profit was decreased by 33.8% in 2013 as per 2012 the amount was 484.9$ million in 2012 and in 2013 it was 321.2$ million and such a decrease in profit was due to higher inventory write downs and the provision was created for the construction contracts which resulted into lower profit contribution towards the company. In 2014 the company profitability was been decreased from 9.4% from 321.2 to 291.0 million dollar which was gain mainly due to inventory written down. Interest expense increased by 15.2% to $127.7 million in 2014 due to higher bank borrowings deployed to fund shipyard operations. The tax credit of $9.0 million in 2014 is mainly due to tax incentives available to certain subsidiaries in People's Republic of China (PRC), recognition of previously unrecognized deferred tax assets in the current financial year and the adjustment for over provision of tax in respect of prior years. Net profit attributable to equity holders of the Company decreased 31.8% from $30.6 million in 2013 to $20.9 million in 2014. Singapore shipping limited: The sales of the company in the year 2012 was 19711$ which was increased little bit in the year 2013 which was 19914$ and it was further increased to 2.3 times than 2013 revenue to 34446 $. The main income in 2014 was come from the department of the charter hire and other freight charges. The profitability of the company in the year 2014 was increased to 8558 $ as compare to 6807$ in 2013 which was mainly due to increase in sales in the year 2014 the amount was increased as a result of higher sales and less expenses incurred of the company. The finance cost of the company was decreased in 2014 as compared to 2013 from 814 $ to 690$. The total finance cost in 2012 was 899$ and it was decreased in 2013 as a result of payment of the borrowing taken from the bank. There is no taxation expense to the company in the current years as the current year tax is been absorbed against the deferred tax expense and setoff is been made. The amount of tax was 69$. The exchange difference in 2012 was 162$ and it was decreased to 88$ which occurs due to foreign exchange gain in foreign currency.

A New World Not So Far Away Essays - Boston Theater District

A New World Not So Far Away Essays - Boston Theater District A New World Not So Far Away A New World Not So Far Away There are a lot of differences between the American and Chinese culture and values. Aspects such as philosophy, family values, time management, individuality, and religion are just some modern examples of the many differences between these two major industrial countries. However, one does not have to come from China to experience just how different and influential these cultures are. Throughout most of my childhood, I have been predominantly exposed to nothing but the Chinese culture. When my parents first immigrated to the United States from Canton, China, they rented a small apartment located right in the heart of Chinatown. Chinatown was my home, the place where I met all my friends, and the place where Id thought Id never leave. I spoke only Cantonese, both to my friends and to my parents. I was pretty much secluded from the outside world because I never left Chinatown, for I felt this was my home. However, my parents felt differently. They wanted me to adapt the American culture. By being more Americanized, they felt that life would be better and that my sister and I would be more accepted. For that reason, my family and I made the big move to the Sunset District ten years ago. A big move my parents hoped would be a quick assimilation into the mainstream the American culture- an assimilation that would ultimately change my values and my perceptions of my cultural background. When I moved from Chinatown to the Sunset District, I was completely amazed at how different it was compared to Chinatown. There was considerably less traffic and noise on the streets than in Chinatown. I remember, I would have to push my way to get through streets when I was in Chinatown. Another difference that I noticed was that all the children on my block were Caucasian, whereas in Chinatown I associated with predominantly Asian.. My home in Chinatown was an old Victorian apartment with a ceiling that was at least 15 feet high. I used to string my toy plane from the ceiling and let it fly circles propelled by a mini-fan attached to the back of the plane. It was a thrill to see the plane fly enormous circles. An old radiator located in the living room heated the apartment every winter. On cold winter nights, our family would gather inside that one warm room, since it was the only heated room, and just sit there with our blankets doing our daily chores and studies. My new home is quite modern, has central heating, and a much lower ceiling. This place was definitely different. How would I fit in? When I arrived at my new home, I was quickly plunged into the process of assimilation. My parents enrolled me into St. Annes, a Catholic school that consisted mostly of Caucasian. Although I am a quick learner, it was especially hard for me because I had to learn English. I did whatever I could to blend in. I bought cafeteria food and ate American lunches like bologna sandwiches and peanut butter and jelly. Most of my friends were Caucasian, and I joined clubs associated with Caucasians. I tried hard to fit in so that I would be accepted. I did whatever my friends did. I begged my parents to buy me trendy clothing and designer labels. The haircut I had was also very similar to that of my friends. I spoke like them and adopted their ways. I wanted no longer to be Asian. I hated that part of me. I just wanted to be American. I hoped that by doing everything they did and following their ways, I would be accepted despite the fact that I wasnt white. It was not until fifth grade that I began to grow more aware of my changed behavior. A new student, Bradford Chin, was enrolled into my class. Bradford reminded me of myself when I first came- conservative, traditional, and very studious. Not knowing any better, I felt somewhat embarrassed around him. I believed that his appearance would be a reminder to everyone of the person I was before. Because of this I ignored and avoided him as often as I could. One day, I was eating lunch with my friends and I glanced over

Free Essays on Theodor Geisel

Theodor Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, often used children’s stories such as The Lorax, The Sneetches, and Yertle the Turtle to symbolize the problems and prejudices in society. As he showed us the problems and he also provided ways for us to overcome them. Theodor Geisel was born March 2, 1904, to Theodor Robert and Henrietta Seuss Geisel in Springfield, Massachusetts. At a very early age, Theodor Geisel developed a talent that would make him very famous later in his life. He developed a strange and unrealistic style of drawing which came about by doodling on his school books. After attending high school at Central High School in Springfield, he decided to further his education at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. While attending Dartmouth, he edited and contributed cartoons to the campus humor magazine. After graduating from Dartmouth College with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in English, he went on to write columns for the Springfield Union for a few months. Soon after college, he started graduate work in English literature at Lincoln College, Oxford University in England at which he stayed for one year. After returning from Oxford University, he began his career. In 1927, he sold cartoons to magazines such as Judge, Liberty, and Vanity Fair. While working for different magazines, McCann-Erickson, an advertising agency, saw his work and assigned him to an account. He worked for McCann-Erickson for more than a decade, during which he created humorous campaigns featuring bizarre animals. In 1931, he illustrated for Viking Press. In 1932, he wrote and illustrated his own book, but he could not find a publisher. For almost four years, Geisel did nothingthat is until 1937. In 1937, Geisel wrote, And To Think I Saw It On Mulberry Street. After the success of that book, he wrote, The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins in 1938. In 1939, he began a relationship with Random House Publishing and wrote The Seven Lady God... Free Essays on Theodor Geisel Free Essays on Theodor Geisel Theodor Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, often used children’s stories such as The Lorax, The Sneetches, and Yertle the Turtle to symbolize the problems and prejudices in society. As he showed us the problems and he also provided ways for us to overcome them. Theodor Geisel was born March 2, 1904, to Theodor Robert and Henrietta Seuss Geisel in Springfield, Massachusetts. At a very early age, Theodor Geisel developed a talent that would make him very famous later in his life. He developed a strange and unrealistic style of drawing which came about by doodling on his school books. After attending high school at Central High School in Springfield, he decided to further his education at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. While attending Dartmouth, he edited and contributed cartoons to the campus humor magazine. After graduating from Dartmouth College with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in English, he went on to write columns for the Springfield Union for a few months. Soon after college, he started graduate work in English literature at Lincoln College, Oxford University in England at which he stayed for one year. After returning from Oxford University, he began his career. In 1927, he sold cartoons to magazines such as Judge, Liberty, and Vanity Fair. While working for different magazines, McCann-Erickson, an advertising agency, saw his work and assigned him to an account. He worked for McCann-Erickson for more than a decade, during which he created humorous campaigns featuring bizarre animals. In 1931, he illustrated for Viking Press. In 1932, he wrote and illustrated his own book, but he could not find a publisher. For almost four years, Geisel did nothingthat is until 1937. In 1937, Geisel wrote, And To Think I Saw It On Mulberry Street. After the success of that book, he wrote, The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins in 1938. In 1939, he began a relationship with Random House Publishing and wrote The Seven Lady God...

German history timeline 1848-present Assignment

German history timeline 1848-present - Assignment Example the present are delineated in the following section with a focus on explaining the importance of the events that have played a decisive role in framing a remarkable path of glory and progression in Germany’s history (Lonely Planet, 2014). The phase of 1848 was regarded as the early modern history of Germany. A crucial event in this period was revolution of German states, which was also termed as ‘March Revolution’. The revolution was focused on dissatisfaction of people with autocratic political structure of independent states of the federation that inherited German terrain of past Roman Empire. At that time, the middle class people were dedicated towards liberal ideologies, while working class people wanted essential improvements to their working and living conditions. However, in the end, the attempt of liberals to unite Germany under democratic constitution failed and Germany started rapid industrialization (BBC, 2014). The union of Germany was regarded as the key objective of the revolution that happened during 1848. The official unification of Germany into a governmentally and managerially combined nation formally occurred in the year 1871. It was an important event in the history of Germany where revolutionaries stressed on forming various state governments for an administrative assembly that would possess the accountability to form a constitution. As a consequence, Prussian Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck brought the German states together, mostly by force and united Germany appeared for the first time in history under German emperor (Berdahl, 2005). The phase of 1888 was regarded as the beginning of sovereignty of William II, the last German Emperor. During his reign, he began a trend towards colonial expansion. He also started to focus on the establishment of German navy in order to compete with Britain and assert itself as a powerful nation in the world. He had also discharged Prussian Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck and propelled Germany on a new

SOC of Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SOC of Communication - Research Paper Example Female 1: My family was planning a trip out of town for the next weekend, but I don't know if I'll be able to join them, all this work is piling up. (Interruption) Male 1: Yeah. (Support response) Male 2: Do you have the notes (Continuation of topic) Asian Male: Yeah. Do you need them now (Support response) Female 1: Its getting pretty rainy and wet here I was looking for a chance to get some sun. I hope I can finish up the work before leaving. (Interruption) Male 2: When will you be back we really need to finish this up its due tomorrow. (Change of topic) Female 2: Speaking of work its pretty hectic down that the mall, they're calling me in for two shifts over the weekend. (Interruption) Asian Male: Have you ever been there this time of year before (Support response) Female 1: Yeah we go every year before Christmas my mother's aunt has a house up there. (Continuation of topic) Asian Male: Maybe you can ask for an extension. (Support response) Female 1: Don't think ill get it. (Continuation of topic) Female 2: Any plans for movies after the study session. I heard they are playing "Spread" this weekend; I've been dying to see it. You guys have to come see it with me.(Change of topic) Female 1: I might. Male 1: I wanted to watch "Paranormal Activity". (Shift response) Male 2: Yeah I heard that's pretty good. (Support response) Male 1: What time do you want to meet up (Change of topic) Female 1: I'll be free at seven. (Continuation of topic) Asian Male: Seven is ok. (Continuation of topic) Female 2: What are you planning on covering in that session (Continuation of topic) In his book, "The Pursuit of Attention; power and Ego in Everyday Life" (2000), Charles Derber talks about the emerging attention seeking trends in individuals. According... The conversation took place in an informal setting at restaurant where all the participants had met for lunch. The restaurant was small, casual but busy. The location was packed with other individuals, both alone and accompanied by friends. Most of them belonged to the same age group and social classes as the participants of the conversation. The conversation was informal and among the group of friends there for it did not include formal elements such as social roles or status. The conversation which took place was mostly to discuss assignments and eventually went to discussing local events and personal information. It eventually concluded at the members dispersing and getting back to their work. In his book, "The Pursuit of Attention; power and Ego in Everyday Life" (2000), Charles Derber talks about the emerging attention seeking trends in individuals. According to the author, in their pursuit of attention people have begun to restructure culture, politics and economy. He also states that although we may not all intend for the amount of attentions the celebrities attract, we seek attention at a more private level such as in conversations, when we try to steer the conversation to ourselves or talk about ourselves and not listen to others. These individuals who tend to seek control over the conversation are referred to as "conversational narcissists".

Changing Minds Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Changing Minds - Case Study Example How can you approach such a person or group and attempt to change their minds? Being a fundamentalist, one adheres to a strict doctrine of thought. Basically, it is similar to a computer in that it already has programmed responses; fundamentalist already have responses in which they are going to act in certain parameters. It makes it extremely difficult to sway the minds of those that are fundamentalist in that they are dedicated to a certain pattern of thought and straying from this thinking pattern can cause them anxiety. In order to convert fundamentalist, you must be able to reconstruct the view so that a person can easily integrate into the mindset. 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Changing Minds Gardner talks of an ‘Integrated viable identity.’ How can the work of a site such as ours impact and attempt to create change in a way that supports the development and enhancement of any existing ‘integrated viable identity’ in any of our readers? (Hint – this is hard to find yet findable – look at references provided in the back of the book to help you find it if needed). This involves the conversion of the fundamentalist to what could be considered the radical and changing point of view. In order for the variable to become viable, he idea that is radical must be integrated into the cognition and memory of the fundamentalist. The final step is taking this integrated thought and moving it into behavior. In terms of the project, you had to not only convince them that the idea of ecologically sound cars is good, but in order to make it integrated and viable, they must move the belief into actions. 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Changing Minds Gardner speaks of ‘Representational Redescription.’   Explain what this is, and whether we have it in our site. If we do, describe where it is and how it works in the site.   Also, explain how you might effectively use it in the future. Representational Redescription is wher e a reformist must radically change the ideas of the group by reversing traditional roles and values. We did this by showing how traditional technologies are not beneficial. The function of compressed gas does not mean that it is compressed as in explosive like when we think of compressed gas in a can, however the explosion itself can help power as an alternative resource. 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Changing Minds Gardner describes how ‘Designated Driver’ became a household word internationally. Using this model, what could be done on this project or others in the future to successfully establish a similar acceptance of an idea in the average public person? What would you do differently on the project knowing this? This shows that society is actually the driver in change, whether it is locally or universally, such as in reforms for drunk driving and texting while driving. We want the community to push for change in the electric vs CNG debate. In order to get public s upport, you have to show that not only is it economically feasible, but also that it will make a difference. 5. In Changing Minds, Gardner talks about Wetware, Dryware and Goodware. Explain these terms and how you either used them in our project or how you might use them effectively in the future. Be sure to integrate and compare all three in your response. Gardner used his creative writing techniques to compare our psychological reasoning and aspects in comparison to a computer. Dryware is the basic components in processing and traditional data processing techniques. Goodware is the natural altruistic behavior, which guides people to do

Effectiveness Of Mbct Against Other Approaches Psychology Essay

Effectiveness Of Mbct Against Other Approaches Psychology Essay Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is increasingly used in adult mental health treatment. Compare and contrast the effectiveness of MBCT to other approaches. Mindfulness-Based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is a relatively new class-based program designed by Segal, Williams and Reasdale, 2002. The program was designed to prevent future relapse for people who suffer from major depression (Coelho, Canter, Ernst, 2007). This approach to psychological prophylaxis, based on current metacognitive concepts on information-processing, was designed based upon the integration aspects of CBT (Beck et al., 1979) and the mindfulness-based stress reduction programme (MBSR) developed by Kabat-Zinn and colleagues 1990.(REFERENNCE) Recently there has been a growth of interest in mindfulness-based psychotherapeutic approaches across a range of medical problems. Although the current empirical literature includes many methodological flaws, findings suggest that mindfulness-based interventions may be helpful in the treatment of several disorders such as pain, stress, anxiety, depressive relapse, and disordered eating. (Baer, 2003) Mindfulness based cognitive therapy combines the practice and clinical application of mindfulness meditation with the tools of cognitive therapy. This paper aims to explore mindfulness based cognitive therapy in terms of schema theory in contrast to Wells S-REF model. A number of theorists have raised concerns over the limitations of schema theory, and have put forward revised frameworks for the conceptualization of cognitive processing in emotional disorders. Teasdale and Bernard (1993) believe that if people think negatively then that is the consequence of depression, rather than the cause of it, and the dysfunctional attitudes during an episode return to normal after recovery. Alladin (1985) conducted a longitudinal study which provided evidence that challenged the belief that negative cognitions caused depression. The primary focus of schema theory and cognitive therapy has been on the content of thoughts and beliefs rather than the cognitive processes. However, Becks schema theory explains the content of peoples thoughts but not on the style of their thinking. For example, overcritical parents, who never praised their child for success maybe the explanation for the definitive core believe (I am a failure) through the theoretical framework of schema theory. Although the model explains the content of peoples thoughts it does not give an explanation for the development of the distinct mode of thinking, for example, only processing information that backs up the failure theme, which is, the mistakes the person has made and the goals they have not achieved. However, Wells (2000) considers that these issues are missing links between cognitive theory and therapy. It is seen that how people think is an important dimension that has implications on the maintenance of psychological disorder and recovery. (REFERENCE) Teasdale et al. (2002) investigated the effectiveness of the mindfulness-based approach in prevention and relapse. Teasdale had 145 recovered randomised depressive patients to continue only treatment as usual or to receive mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. The patients were assessed over a 60week period the results showed that, for patients with three of more depressive episodes in the past, Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduced the risk of relapse, moreover, patients with only two depressive episodes sited no change. Teasdale et al. (2000) concluded that these results were clinically significant because the relapse rates of the group with the highest risk of reoccurrence had been halved. Teasdale et al. (2002) found that the combination of cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, as a result, metacognitive awareness is increased and depressive relapse is reduced. It can be seen that both approaches encourage a shift in a persons relationship with negative thoughts rather than a change of the thought itself. Despite the overall efficacy of the mindfulness approach, there are still theoretical limitations which need to be addressed which might lead clinical developments further in cognitive therapy. Baer 2003 emphasized a number of methodological problems whilst the research studies where taking place, noting that there were a major limitation to this approach. Baer criticizes the majority of studies examining the effects of mindfulness training, as they never used control groups. Moreover, TAU (treatment as usual) consisted of medical or unspecified psychotherapy approaches which does not allow the comparison of the effects of mindfulness interventions with specific psychological approaches. Bishop 2002 also questions the result from Teasdale et al. 2000 study, by stating that combining two forms of treatment together; it is difficult to draw any solid conclusions about the effectiveness of mindfulness-based approach in prevention of depressive relapse. Furthermore Bishop 2002 refers to problems with the conceptualization of mindfulness. Western descriptions up to now have been consistent with the Buddhist tradition which normally does not go beyond a descriptive nature. As of yet there have been no attempts to develop any qualities or the criteria of the mindfulness approach which have not been operationalised. Individuals experience and judge the effectiveness of mindfulness in different ways, which presents the problem of the determination of the criteria which are responsible for preventing patients from relapse and depression more difficult. Therefore the validity is in question due to the lack of evidence to support the definition of the construct. Bishop 2002 goes on to argue a conceptual definition is needed before the validity is tested. In this vein, Baer (2003) postulates the necessity of more randomized control trials to clarify whether observed effects are due to mindfulness interventions of to confounding factors such as placebo or passage of time. Furthermore, Wells (2000) criticizes the theoretical background of the mindfulness approach, the interactive cognitive sub-systems model, and states that one of its greatest limitations is the Implicational code concept and its circularity as it is difficult to define exactly what it means and where to locate implicational meaning in the information processing context. Moreover, Wells (2000) argues that the mindfulness awareness concept does not describe which component of self awareness improves or worsens emotional disorders. Wells (2000) then presents an alternative model of self-regulatory information processing (S-REF) which overcome the limitation of interactive cognitive sub-systems by using metacognition and attention in the centre of development and emotional disorders, rather than implicational meanings (e.g., ICS). Wells S-REF model is uniform with the schema theory, however it also incorporates aspects of cognitive architecture such as, regulation of attention and other components the individuals schema. The S-REF approach by Wells (2000) underlines the importance of restructuring maladaptive metacognitive beliefs as well as non metacognitive beliefs on schemas, which provides different clinical implications for cognitive behaviour therapy. New tools are then required for the restructuring of new therapeutic techniques in order to monitor and modify the metacognitive processes. An example of one of these new tools is metacognitive profiling (Wells, 2000) is to identify metacognitions like meta-beliefs, coping strategies, attention or memory that are activated in stressful situations. Wells (2000) and colleagues developed three different metacognitions questionnaires, an example of theses are , the Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) (Wells, 2000), which assess and monitor metacognitionin in patients during their treatment. Other than monitoring metacognitions, Wells (2000) presents two different techniques to restructure cognition, i.e., modify attention (Attention Training Technique (ATT) and Situational Attention Refocusing (SAR)), which have some similarity with the mindfulness approach but without the focus on meditation. The theoretical model of self-regulation mechanisms in emotional disorder developed my Wells is important for the future development of cognitive therapy. The S-REF model seems to create the missing link between cognitive theory and therapy that Wells (2000) identified and could possibly form a base for the advancement for cognitive therapy in the future (Scherer-Dickson, 2004). It would be premature to attempt to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of Mindfulness based cognitive therapy as it is still in its early days of research. Given the growing interest in MBCT is should be seen as to consider the way in which future research should be directed, and not be critical on current effectiveness of the model. (Coelho, Canter, Ernst, 2007). Evidence that is circulating gives some indication that MBCT may be effective in treating a cognitive style that is characterised with depression. Kingston et al., 2007 noted that MBCT may be useful in treatment of residual depressive symptoms, however, these findings are not due to any specific effects of MBCT. (Coelho, Canter, Ernst, 2007). Further methodological testing is still required gain more insight into the developments to give this approach an even more robust foundation (Scherer-Dickson, 2004). New models developed on the basis of findings in cognitive sciences and cognitive theories about information processing and emotional processing (see Rachmann, 1980; Teasdale, 1999b) seem to have a major impact on the understanding of the development and maintenance of emotional disorders. The new models of cognitive processing do have clinical implications for cognitive therapy that goes beyond the framework of Becks schema theory (Beck et al., 1979). Apart from the development for prevention of relapse of depression with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, Wells (2000) has gone on further to develop metacognitive aspects of emotional disorders. On looking at the models and theories outlined in this essay, changing the relationship that people have with the way they think, instead of changing the content of those thou ghts, has a major impact on therapy outcomes and relapse prevention (Schere- Dickson, 2004). It is clear to see that Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression is a cost-effective treatment programme for prevention of relapse. It goes on to teach patients skills in which they can identify high risk situations, and change their attitude to accept the way in which they think. The programme works better for those who seem more vulnerable and enable them to break the cycle of lifelong course of recurrent depression. The high relapse rates for depression underline the importance of prophylactic treatment during periods that fall between acute depressive episodes. Group programmes, like the one presented, could have a major impact on health services as they are cost-efficient and seem to work especially well with recovered patients that are very likely to relapse. (Scherer-Dickson, 2004)

Seeing Myself in Waiting for Godot :: Waiting for Godot Essays

Seeing Myself in Waiting for Godot Some people wondered why in high school my favorite book was Waiting for Godot, a drama described on the title page as â€Å"a two-act play in which nothing happens twice.† In fact, my liking a play that does not portray a series of connected incidents telling a story but instead presents a pattern of images showing bewildered people in an incomprehensible universe initially baffled me too, as my partiality was more felt than thought. But then I read a piece by the critic Martin Esslin, who articulated my feelings. He wrote in â€Å"The Search for the Self† that throughout our lives we always wait for something, and Godot simply represents the objective of our waiting—an event, a thing, a person, death. It is in the act of waiting that we experience the flow of time in its purest most evident form. (31) I realized that I was seventeen in high school passively waiting for something amazing to happen to me just like Vladimir and Estragon. I also realized that experiencing time flowing by unproductively was not for me regardless of how â€Å"pure† that experience might be. At several points in the play, Estragon states that he wants to leave, but Vladimir always responds, â€Å"We can’t . . . we’re waiting for Godot† (8). Neither one knows why the wait nor who Godot is or looks like, and they both admit, when asked by Pozzo why they mistook him for Godot, that â€Å"we hardly know him at all† (20). Yet, they wait for him instead of looking within themselves for meaning in their lives. They even turn to close-at-hand sources about them to provide reasons for their wait: from inside a hat or a boot (8). But, as Lucky points out, the â€Å"reasons [are] unknown† and always will be (28). Therefore, their external search is pointless to give life me aning. Or put another way, Vladimir and Estragon wait endlessly for life to begin. As simple as it is, I see myself in them, waiting for someone or something to bring me meaning, to guide me, to spark my life. The existentialist ideas behind much of Waiting for Godot cut to the quick, as I, too, struggle through life trying to achieve some sort of purposeful meaning (Bryce). Like everyone else, I am a victim of waiting and going nowhere fast. As embarrassing as it is to me now, in high school, I ached as I searched to fill an empty part of me with love or true friendship, and at last I found him! But rather than acting on what I felt for him, I sat there and waited, hoping that he would notice me, the perfect soul mate.

Chipolte External Factor Evaluation Essay

Analysis of the External Environment Within the fast casual segment, there are certain external trends and forces that Chipolte must address. Some of these trends and forces can lend themselves to being opportunistic in nature; however there are some that can threaten the well-being of the restaurant. The success of a company ultimately depends upon how well it can use its strengths to take advantage of external trends. By utilizing an External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) a company’s chief strategist can analyze and determine crucial external opportunities and threats important to the future of their organization. Another growing trend that the fast casual industry can capitalize on is the growing health trends among consumers. More and more people are becoming aware of the foods that they consume and are making strides to eat healthier. In fact, according to a recent survey by the National Restaurant Association, 19% of all customers are actively seeking out healthy alternatives when dining out (franchisedire ct.com, 2011). This is a direct result of obesity rates constantly rising in the United States. Furthermore, several restaurants competing in the fast casual sector have made conscious efforts to offer rather healthy meals to their customers. Certainly, realizing that customers are seeking out healthy options when dining out will prompt the industry to enjoy much success in the coming years. A third trend is the expanding interest in, and availability of, organic food ingredients. Several restaurant chains have dedicated their mission and vision statements to seek out the finest ingredients. It is no secret that many fast food chains use cheap ingredients that even compromise the nutritional value of the food it serves. However, several fast casual chains refuse to compromise the integrity of the ingredients used in its menu options. The use of produce that comes from sustainable practices is becoming more and more important to customers after so much light has been shed on how animals are treated before being used for food. This has even  prompted many chains to purchase pro duce from locally-owned organic food producers. In fact, according to the National Restaurant Association, 70% of adults say they are more likely to visit a restaurant that offers locally produced food items (franchisedirect.com, 2011). The recent advances in technology have also enabled various restaurants to offer customers a more customizable way to order food. There are currently applications that allow customers to order food via their smartphone. Capitalizing on an idea from pizza parlors, fast casual restaurants also allow customers to order food online and specify a particular time for pick up. As these restaurants offer its customers more ways to place an order, the business can maintain a larger propensity for growth as ordering food becomes more convenient. The fast casual segment has also begun to enter into the construction of sustainable restaurant designs. Currently, there are numerous initiatives for developing LEED and other sustainable buildings. These buildings are very environmentally friendly, and offer advant ages to the communities that they are erected within. At the head of this curve is Chipotle, which has received the first certifications for LEED-designed restaurants (fastcasual.com, 2008). Using sustainable buildings to house its restaurants is not only advantageous because it would appeal to customers, but there are also other governmental incentives in the form of tax credits and deductions (irs.gov, 2011). Thus, not only are sustainable buildings great for attracting and maintaining new customers, but it also makes great business sense too. Diversification of food concepts is a tremendous way to attract a wider audience with a differentiated taste. As the fast casual segment continues to grow and prosper, the companies competing can afford to implement spinoffs much in the same way as the giants of the fast food industry have done through the years. Many of the key players within the industry attract a customer with a specific taste profile. As these restaurants continue to expand and grow, they too can spinoff another brand of restaurant with a differentiated menu. Accompanying the numerous opportunities to the segment, there are also several existing threats that must be navigated in order to remain successful. The first of these potential threats pertains to rising food prices. The fast casual segment must especially take note of this because it already uses the highest quality ingredients which lead to higher costs. However, if food prices  continue to rise, the industry would be forced to either cut costs or raise the prices on its menu. This is a very touchy subject as the restaurants within the segment cannot afford to raise prices too high without facing adverse effects to its normal business operations. The ease of entry into the market is also another threat that the organization must combat. Although fast casual restaurants offer a distinct experience for consumers, its products are not necessarily revolutionary by any means. This leaves them somewhat vulnerable to competitors to enter the market and attack the brand; especially given the low startup costs for restaurants. However, with adequate marketing and utmost customer satisfaction, these restaurants can maintain their customer base and thwart any potential competitors. Increasingly inclement weather and the apparent increasing threat of natural disasters always remains a possible hardship. This would cause food shortages and a st eep rise on the price of ingredients. This makes it absolutely necessary for organizations to diversify their distributors to different parts of the U.S. in order to prevent catastrophic shortages. This way, if a flood destroys the supply of one supplier in an area, the restaurant can use another supplier elsewhere in order to maintain adequate distribution to its restaurants. The threat of recessions also can be a harmful blight to the segment’s success. Economic downturns often affect most businesses in negative ways and the fast casual segment is not protected from such an event. Although it did enjoy moderate growth and prosperity through the most recent recession, the segments growth was stunted a bit, as was the case for a majority of industries. However, restaurants were steadfast in maintaining prices and a quality experience and customers continued to support the food segment. The threat of consumers’ taste preferences changing is always of concern. Although most people are creatures of habit, diff erentiation of taste preferences can change, leaving the restaurant vulnerable. Knowing this, it is crucial that restaurants constantly improve upon food quality and the dining experience. Doing so will keep the entire experience â€Å"fresh† and entice the customer to come back. One of the obstacles in restaurants expanding into different areas that most do not realize, is the fact that there are often difficulties in acquiring the necessary agreements to open new stores (Chipotle 10-k, 2011). These consist of building permits if the company is  looking to build a brand new fixture for the new restaurant, to lease agreements for current buildings. Different cities have different zoning and ordinance codes, making the decision to rent a preexisting space a plausible alternative. However, the restaurant management typically has a target number of what it wants to pay on a monthly basis. Often, there can be a discrepancy between what management feels is fair and what the lessor feels is fair. This can hinder the expansion rate of a restaurant until both parties come to grips on fair terms of a lease agreement. It is important that fast casual organizations constantly analyze opportunities and threats that are presented outside of the organization. If companies do not exploit its advantages within the market, it cannot grow at a pace that it should be. On the other hand, if it does not properly navigate and combat the external threats presented, it will surely not be in business for the long term capacity which is often hoped. Thus, an EFE is extremely important in developing and maintaining a successful business. Works Cited David, Fred R. Strategic Management Concepts: A Competitive Advantage Approach. Boston: Pearson, 2013. Print.

Texas Proposition 12 essays

Texas Proposition 12 essays Bill HJR 3 from the 78th regular session states proposing a constitutional amendment concerning civil lawsuits against doctors and health care providers, and other actions, authorizing the legislature to determine limitations on Bill HJR 3, also known as proposition 12 on the September 2003 ballot was an issue with great intensity on both sides of the spectrum. The premise of the bill was to limit non-economic damages from malpractice and other health care related issues to $250,000. Non-economic damages are also referred to as punitive damages, which at times have seen judgments upwards of ten million dollars. This poses serious problems for physicians attempting to practice medicine in Texas. With lottery sized rewards being thrown out left and right, trial lawyers feel that they can afford to take a shot at many cases, and hope one scores the jackpot. Consequently, malpractice insurance for doctors in this state have risen to phenomenal highs, and have forced doctors to literally abandon certain services, higher risk cases that leave patients with no other alternative, or even abandon their whole practice all together. Physicians have also limited the Medicaid and Medicare that they take, and their acceptance of complicated problems. If things continue like this, then many patients will have to seek care in distant cities. Proposition 12 is important because it instills lost confidence that physicians once had. It allows them to focus on their practice and continue to see patients with all sorts of issues, from minor to major complications without worrying about the severe repercussions of a misjudgment. After all, physicians are here to better ones well-being and ensure that they are in optimal health, despite what the trial lawyers try to spoon feed the public. Because proposition 12 created such a fervor, it produced extremists for and against the issue. Furthermore, the notio ...

Structural Design of a Building Essays

Structural Design of a Building Essays Structural Design of a Building Essay Structural Design of a Building Essay have always been attractive characteristics to consultants and developers. In today’s fast tracked construction projects where time and schedule are of essence, these qualities become decisive in choosing the type of structure to be built. At present, Structural Steel Works, Inc. offers all of the advantages of steel as a building material at the most competitive price without sacrificing quality control. Advantages of using steel:- Superior Strength and durability. Precise measurements, perfect angles. Resistant to pest. Great protection against the worst weather conditions. Steel Components mean minimal material waste. Installation is fast and simple. Labour costs are minimal. Steel is recyclable. A cost Effective material. Structural steel building CONCRETE Reinforced concrete can be strengthened by using a number of different methods, such as -: reinforcement bars reinforcement grids reinforcement plates reinforcement fibers Concrete is very strong in compression but not in tension so these materials are there to help strengthen the concrete in tension. The term Ferro Concrete refers only to concrete that is reinforced with iron or steel. Other materials used to reinforce concrete can be organic and inorganic fibers as well as composites in different forms. The most common method of strengthening concrete is to use reinforcement bars. For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement should have the following properties: High strength High tensile strain Good bond to the concrete Thermal compatibility Durability in the concrete environment Advantages of using precast concrete:- Column-Free Long Spans With fewer columns and more usable floor space, precast, prestressed concrete provides greater freedom for space utilization. Conserves Energy Prestressed concrete components can improve the thermal storage potential of a building. It effectively conserves energy required for heating and cooling. Maintenance Free Precast concrete does not require painting and is free from corrosion. Its durability extends building life. Resists Fire Durability and fire resistance mean low insurance premiums and greater pers onnel safety. Those who investigate life cycle costing will appreciate the precast concretes excellent fire resistance characteristics. Rapid Construction precast concrete construction gets the job done sooner. The manufacturing of prestressed members and site preparation can proceed simultaneously. Early occupancy provides obvious benefits to the client. Versatility of Design Precast concrete buildings are not only functional but beautiful as well. Numerous panel configuration design possibilities are available. Structural concrete building As raw material prices differ, so does building design. During times of lower steel prices, more steel and less concrete is used, and vice versa, but both materials are typically used together. Concrete without steel reinforcement crumbles under tensile loads. Steel on its own, without composite or reinforced concrete floors, is likewise not a preferred building method. While rebar is almost always steel, it is not considered structural steel and is described separately in the rebar and reinforced concrete articles. While both steel structures and Reinforced concrete cement(R. C. C)structures have their pros and cons, the steel structures have better strength to weight ratio than RCC, and can be easily dismantled(Steel structures, which have bolted connections can also be reused to some extent after dismantling).

European Climate and Clean Energy Law and Policy Essay

European Climate and Clean Energy Law and Policy - Essay Example With the increment in the amount of energy that is used as the world population grows, it is important to have this kind of regulation so that majority of the companies that are providing energy indulge themselves into the renewable sources of energy and nonrenewable. This will help since these forms of energy do not get exhausted. One factor that is to be regulated when it comes to energy is on the production of various forms of nonrenewable energy that do not have preventive measures to the environment and the consumers in term of their health. This requires the energy generating companies not to have a lust for lucrative amounts of money from consumers but also care on the duration that these forms take while being used and their side effects (Elizabeth, Waelde, and  Janeth, 2005). It is important for the companies that are producing the various forms of energy to ensure that the kinds of energy that they are producing are environmentally friendly and that they do not pose any harm to the surrounding. Proper conservation and management of the environment are quite ideal since it is a habitat for several organisms that are also using the energy. Environmental protection begins with the effects of the energy that is produced itself, the gaseous emissions that are released during the production, and the liquid effluents too. It is also important to consider certain types of energy such as the water that is stored in the reservoir; it should not also pose environmental hazards too. Nobel peace prize winner Wangari Mathai used to say â€Å"If you destroy nature, nature will destroy you†. It is therefore in order to try and conserve the environment and all the resources and facilities that are within the environment regardless of the amount that is n the proxi mity, all count (Kim, 2013).

HIV Infected Mothers Having Babies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HIV Infected Mothers Having Babies - Essay Example Because more women are infected with HIV, there is dilemma for public servants in helping HIV positive mothers have babies. Some believe HIV positive women should not have babies at all. Others would rather not see babies Born to HIV mothers become infected, but realize that as human beings those women wish to have normal family lives as others do. For some women, the idea of having a baby with a positive HIV status is unthinkable. They would not want to take the risk of transmitting the virus to the baby. They also may fear that spouses or other family members would not want to care for an HIV positive baby after the mother’s death. Other women believe having a baby where there is a high risk of birth defects is ok, but not having a baby that might get the HIV virus. Personal views stem from socially acceptable norms that accept babies with birth defects more than those with HIV. Other women believe that regardless of the risks, they have a right to bear children and have a f amily just as much as the next woman. Women in the United States are not prohibited from having babies when they are HIV positive. Interestingly, in Botswana some officials discourage women with HIV from having babies â€Å"claiming that they are not fit to take care of a child or that they will automatically transmit the virus to the infant† (Doyle). Women are often shunned by locals who know they have the virus, when they decide to have children. This is surprising as infants are more likely to die in their first year of life due to unsanitary water and poor nutrition.

Early western civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Early western civilization - Essay Example Moving north from the First Cataract, the Nile flows through a comparatively narrow valley. The lands along the banks are characterized by a series of natural basins (called hods), which have been altered by human engineering for the last 7,000 years. As one nears the Delta in the north, the floodplain widens and the basins become less distinct, until in the Delta itself the land is divided not into basins, but into islands and peninsulas formed by the alluvial deposits of soil over thousands of years. In very ancient times "Lower Egypt" began south of the Delta itself, including the broader floodplain from Memphis north. The most important historical-geographic feature of the Lower Nile, of course, is its annual flood, which following the summer rains in Ethiopia, bursts into Egypt in August and typically continues for two months, leaving both destruction and riches in its wake. The flood, although annual, is not uniform. When there is drought in the highlands to the south, the flood may be a comparative trickle. However, in years of abundant rainfall in the watershed, the flood can become a torrent, washing everything before it. It is now thought that early populations, which ventured into the valley of the Nile below the First Cataract, were more concerned to build dikes to protect themselves and their herds against this possibility of a destructive flood than to irrigate crops (Atkins 32; Parker, 7-8). The fact that cattle were important in early Egyptian history brings up another point about the environment in antiquity. In the earliest days of Egyptian development, there was no Sahara Desert. The lands that now form the Sahara enjoyed savanna, rather than desert environments. And as we have already seen, the Saharan peoples had been pioneers of cattle domestication. Until about 2300 BCE, that is well into Pharaonic times, the Lower Nile flowed through an area of rainfall, which supported thriving cattle herding societies. Not only cattle raising, but also fishing and agriculture have a long history in the Nile valley. The upper Nile, in what is now the country of Sudan, was one of the areas that developed fishing settlements during the long era of the African Aquatic Tradition. Since some of these Late Stone Age communities used grinding stones to process wild grains, which they harvested in the fertile alluvial plains, it seems likely that it was their descendants who became the first full time farmers in this part of Africa. Between 5000 BCE and 4000 BCE farming and cattle keeping replaced hunting and fishing as the main ways of life along the Nile. Of course, people continued to both hunt and fish, but they were becoming economically and socially dependent upon cattle raising and farming. Picture, if you can, what the Nile valley (of modern-day Egypt) must have been like in the 2,000 years between the early Neolithic and the beginning of the unified kingdom under the pharaoh Narmer/Menes in about 3,000 BCE. Had you traveled the region early in the period, your journey would have taken you along the higher ground of the valley, inland of the river itself, where encampments of cattle herders or small farming settlements would have hosted you. As you traveled the length of the area, both cultural and linguistic differences would have been apparent, with life centering

C. Inflation Factor Essay Example for Free

C. Inflation Factor Essay Global growth remains noticeably above the historical trend, while inflation and long-run interest rates are unusually low. Global headline inflation has picked up in response to higher oil prices, but core inflation has been little affected and inflationary expectations remain well grounded. This has raised questions as to whether low inflation reflects deflationary. pressures from other sources, notably globalization, or whether there is a danger that the inflationary impact has simply been postponed. The global inflation rate has declined from an annual average of close to 15 per cent in 1980-84 to 3. 8 per cent in 2005. The average inflation rate in the industrial economies fell from almost 9. 5 per cent between 1975 and 1979, and nearly 9 per cent in the early 1980s, to 2. 3 per cent in 2005 and is projected to decline further. In developing countries, the decline has been even steeper and more rapid. In the early 1990s, the average inflation rate in developing countries was around 80 per cent; that had declined to 5. 4 per cent by 2005. The IMF forecasts currently project a further drop, to below 5 percent by 2007 (Kruegar). Over the past two years, inflation in advanced and many emerging market economies has remained remarkably subdued despite a significant rise in commodity prices, strong growth, and a broadly accommodating monetary policy stance in the major currency areas. Some analysts have argued that low and stable inflation reflects more intense global competition, which prevents firms from raising prices and puts downward pressures on wages in many sectors. If so, and given that lower-cost producers in emerging markets and developing countries will continue to integrate into the global trading system, these forces are likely to ensure low inflation in the foreseeable future (World Economic Outlook, â€Å"inflation† 97). This dramatic fall in inflation rates in the recent years owes a great deal to significantly improved macroeconomic management. Monetary policy has become much more effective, helped by the spread of central bank independence and, in many cases, by inflation targeting. And as inflation has declined, and more countries have adopted fiscally prudent policies, growth has become more rapid and, equally important, more durable. In addition, the rapidly expanding role of Asia and, to a lesser extent, the countries of the former Soviet bloc as low-cost manufacturing centers have served to dampen price inflation in high-income countries, where many of these products are consumed (World Bank).

Automation Process in Online Shopping

Automation Process in Online Shopping 1. INTRODUCTION Online Shopping 1.1 About The Project This project is developed for the automation process of shopping throw online i.e through web. In marchant module adding the catogories,products,itemSales, giving orders, stock maintenace, creating invoice (bill) for orders, shipping of items order given by customer. creation, details, and other transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid invoice(amount),shipping invoice And all other transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, very big shops, or organizations. This project mainly contains 3 modules like Marchant module, Customer module, and invoice module. In customer module customers will give orders for items which are being available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and details are stored in data base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In case if the ordered items are not being shipped at a time then the pending order details will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant Module products are being maintained in category wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order given by the customer through online web status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by getting data from database. EXISTING SYSTEM In existing system every thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which are available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will take place. Existing System is manual, every thing we have to do manually displaying items Selecting items Billing process Shipping Problems in present system Could not synchronize the Outward information to shopping order details. No track of the complaints and replaced goods after ordering Order status is updated manually using Order Confirmation. Very high levels of effort for preparing invoices and dispatch related documents and routing them to relevant departments or locations and high levels of clerical activity on account of applicability of different customers and products. Increased levels of expectation from customers with respect to prompt delivery of items. Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in transit. Difficulties in handling customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches. Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence need to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high value orders or important customers), if required. Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading to high stock levels of damaged goods in the factory. Discrepancy between ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights. Insufficient checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits are not exceeded. Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is primarily on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction. Customers could communicate to the Sales people but no information is kept in track for future references. Marchant or Management couldnt not have any information regarding latest sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet applications. Marchant or Management requires the Quality information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt provide such facilities. The end user of this product is a departmental store where the application is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the following process. the customer details are appended to the customer database. The details of the items are brought forward from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu. Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction. 1. MODULE Marchant Module Marchant will enter into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, different different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete things And maintains everything by date wise. Enhancing stores update stores delete from stores Software and Hardware Requirements The following software and hardware are recommended for the company. Hardware Requirements: Processor : Pentium Speed : 233 MHz Monitor : samtron HardDisk : 4.2 GB RAM : 128 MB Software Requirements: Operating : SystemWindows NT Language : JAVA (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4 Backend : ORACLE 2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 2.1 Introduction 2.4 Advantages of the Proposed System Inter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails received from the customers as complaints and using them for appraisal and audit purpose purposes. Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making. Order indent-automation from the direct sales dept. Shop Inventory Database updates. Stock in shop information Communication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes. Application Portfolio It is recommended that the organization takes up the following four functional areas for automation Marchant department customer department Stores department Billing, shipping Information System The reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they directly address the problems enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one system acting as the feeder system for the other. System Architecture DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS: A data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. There is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting point for system design. To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below. Rectangle: The above symbol is used to define source or destination of data. Circle or Rounded Corners Rectangle: The above symbols are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data. 3.21 INTRODUCTION UML is a notation that resulted from the unification Of Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been designed for broad range of application. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities. An Overview of UML in five notations 1. use case diagrams Use cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysis To represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external point of view.The actor are Outside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system. 2. class diagrams Class diagrams to describe the structure of the system. Classes Are abstraction that specify the common structure and behaviour of a set Of objects. Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their associations. 3. Sequence diagrams Sequence diagrams are used to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the interaction that take place among these objects. 4. Statechart diagrams State chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a particular set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states. 5.Activity diagrams An activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow. Screens of online shopping 3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION PURPOSE The purpose of â€Å"Online Shopping† is to evaluate the performance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of â€Å"very big shops†. SCOPE This document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be made without the permission of the organization. PRODUCT FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW Online Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing strategy to be implemented depending on the performance of the various products. 3.1 Requirements In system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/client and works with him in order to find out what he specifically needs. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to dig in the problem of the client or the customer. System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of following things. Identify the customers need. Feasibility study. Analyzing the system technically and economically. Resource allocation. Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation. Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities. The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. User need identification and analysis are concerned with the user needs rather than what the customer wants. This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms. This package has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another motivating factor for the development of this package. The following requirements are identified. 3.1.1 Functional Requirements Customer Order Processing New order (Order no auto generated). View Products in category Status. Log User Complaints. Order Search and Processing Status. Internal Mail. Merchants Inventory Processing Category wise prod Details. Department Orders. Internal Mails. Management Information System Processing Adhoc Report. Internal Mails. Inter office Memos. 3.1.2 User Interfaces: A LOGIN form is presented with three fields to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user can perform the required activities. 3.2.2 Analysis Objects 1. Interface Objects: The interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for controlling access to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture. 2. Control Objects: Control objects provide services to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time; an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. Other times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model; an example might be charging someones credit card. 3. Entity Objects: Entity objects model those business objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. Some examples are Customer, product, and an order. Entity objects should be represented by entity beans in the implementation model. The Entity Objects: Customer Invoice Order Stock Product 3.3 INPUTS The following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Industries. 1. Goods Inward Note (GIN) The factory receives this document from the factory along with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and send back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis. 2. Goods received Confirmation On receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document. 3. Goods Returned Note This is prepared based on the information send by the direct customer or dealer on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger. 4. Order Company receives order from their direct customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be. 3.5 Outputs The following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops. 1. Invoice Once an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register. Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register. 2. Dispatch Instructions The invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepared from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip. This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders. 3. Weekly Stock Status Report This is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock of each product. The details are obtained from the stock book. This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report. 4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION 4.1 DATA DESIGN Data objects A data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent existence and can be uniquely identified. The following data objects are derived for the system. Customer Order Product Invoice category Relationships A relationship is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that relationship exists between clerk and customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type. The following relationships are identified for the system. For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified. Customer â€Å"places† an Order. Order â€Å"contains† Product. Product â€Å"dispatched to† Customer. The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows : Customer â€Å"receives† Invoice. Invoice â€Å"has† Product. E-R Diagram E-R Diagram as a method to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system. 4.2 Screens ONLINE SHOPPING SCREENS TESTING It is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. Testing is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance. 5.1 Testing strategy 5.1.1 Unit Testing: This testing method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than getting into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module. 5.1.2 Integration testing: Here all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the larger system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in synchronous with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are running perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos. 5.1.3 Validation testing: Testing is a major quality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been detected by design. In a non-incremental integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected. Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing. 5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing) Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control hierarchy beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth First manner or in a Depth First manner. This process is done in five steps: Main control module is used as a test driver and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program. Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules. Tests are conducted. On completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced. This process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at upper levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential. If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated. Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure. BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTING Begins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated. The following steps implement this strategy: Low-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function. A driver is written to coordinate test case input and output. Cluster is tested. Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters. Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified. REGRESSION TESTING Each time a new module is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended behavior as additional errors. Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for subsequent playback tools enables the software engineer to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases. 6. CONFIGURATION 7. FEATURES USED 7.1 About J2EE (Javaâ„ ¢ 2 Platform Enterprise Edition, v1.3) Today, more and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the enterprise and leverage the speed, security, and reliability of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding world of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before. To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Javaâ„ ¢2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EEâ„ ¢) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not tied to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements. Distributed Multitier Applications The J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model for both enterprise applications. Application logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application parts shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components. Client-tier components run on the client machine. Web-tier components run on the J2EE server. Business-tier components run on the J2EE server. Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server. Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations: client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage. J2EE Architecture The required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this figure shows the logical relationships of the elements; it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual machines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java Messaging Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. All these services are explained below. The arrows represent required access to other parts of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for connectivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the Web Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environments for each type of application component. J2EE Architecture Diagram J2EE Components J2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components: Application clients and applets are components that run on the client. Java Servlet and JavaServer Pagesâ„ ¢ (JSPâ„ ¢) technology components are Web components that run on the server. Enterprise JavaBeansâ„ ¢ (EJBâ„ ¢) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server. J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and â€Å"standard† Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server. J2EE Clients A J2EE client can be a Web client or an application client. Web Clients A Web client consists of two parts: dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server. A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin clients usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies. Applets A Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual machine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and possibly a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser. Web components are the preferred API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleaner and more modular application design because they provide a way to separate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs. Application Clients A J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible. Application clients directly access enterprise beans running in the Automation Process in Online Shopping Automation Process in Online Shopping 1. INTRODUCTION Online Shopping 1.1 About The Project This project is developed for the automation process of shopping throw online i.e through web. In marchant module adding the catogories,products,itemSales, giving orders, stock maintenace, creating invoice (bill) for orders, shipping of items order given by customer. creation, details, and other transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid invoice(amount),shipping invoice And all other transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, very big shops, or organizations. This project mainly contains 3 modules like Marchant module, Customer module, and invoice module. In customer module customers will give orders for items which are being available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and details are stored in data base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In case if the ordered items are not being shipped at a time then the pending order details will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant Module products are being maintained in category wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order given by the customer through online web status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by getting data from database. EXISTING SYSTEM In existing system every thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which are available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will take place. Existing System is manual, every thing we have to do manually displaying items Selecting items Billing process Shipping Problems in present system Could not synchronize the Outward information to shopping order details. No track of the complaints and replaced goods after ordering Order status is updated manually using Order Confirmation. Very high levels of effort for preparing invoices and dispatch related documents and routing them to relevant departments or locations and high levels of clerical activity on account of applicability of different customers and products. Increased levels of expectation from customers with respect to prompt delivery of items. Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in transit. Difficulties in handling customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches. Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence need to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high value orders or important customers), if required. Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading to high stock levels of damaged goods in the factory. Discrepancy between ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights. Insufficient checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits are not exceeded. Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is primarily on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction. Customers could communicate to the Sales people but no information is kept in track for future references. Marchant or Management couldnt not have any information regarding latest sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet applications. Marchant or Management requires the Quality information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt provide such facilities. The end user of this product is a departmental store where the application is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the following process. the customer details are appended to the customer database. The details of the items are brought forward from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu. Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction. 1. MODULE Marchant Module Marchant will enter into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, different different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete things And maintains everything by date wise. Enhancing stores update stores delete from stores Software and Hardware Requirements The following software and hardware are recommended for the company. Hardware Requirements: Processor : Pentium Speed : 233 MHz Monitor : samtron HardDisk : 4.2 GB RAM : 128 MB Software Requirements: Operating : SystemWindows NT Language : JAVA (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4 Backend : ORACLE 2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 2.1 Introduction 2.4 Advantages of the Proposed System Inter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails received from the customers as complaints and using them for appraisal and audit purpose purposes. Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making. Order indent-automation from the direct sales dept. Shop Inventory Database updates. Stock in shop information Communication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes. Application Portfolio It is recommended that the organization takes up the following four functional areas for automation Marchant department customer department Stores department Billing, shipping Information System The reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they directly address the problems enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one system acting as the feeder system for the other. System Architecture DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS: A data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. There is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting point for system design. To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below. Rectangle: The above symbol is used to define source or destination of data. Circle or Rounded Corners Rectangle: The above symbols are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data. 3.21 INTRODUCTION UML is a notation that resulted from the unification Of Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been designed for broad range of application. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities. An Overview of UML in five notations 1. use case diagrams Use cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysis To represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external point of view.The actor are Outside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system. 2. class diagrams Class diagrams to describe the structure of the system. Classes Are abstraction that specify the common structure and behaviour of a set Of objects. Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their associations. 3. Sequence diagrams Sequence diagrams are used to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the interaction that take place among these objects. 4. Statechart diagrams State chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a particular set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states. 5.Activity diagrams An activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow. Screens of online shopping 3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION PURPOSE The purpose of â€Å"Online Shopping† is to evaluate the performance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of â€Å"very big shops†. SCOPE This document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be made without the permission of the organization. PRODUCT FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW Online Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing strategy to be implemented depending on the performance of the various products. 3.1 Requirements In system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/client and works with him in order to find out what he specifically needs. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to dig in the problem of the client or the customer. System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of following things. Identify the customers need. Feasibility study. Analyzing the system technically and economically. Resource allocation. Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation. Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities. The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. User need identification and analysis are concerned with the user needs rather than what the customer wants. This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms. This package has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another motivating factor for the development of this package. The following requirements are identified. 3.1.1 Functional Requirements Customer Order Processing New order (Order no auto generated). View Products in category Status. Log User Complaints. Order Search and Processing Status. Internal Mail. Merchants Inventory Processing Category wise prod Details. Department Orders. Internal Mails. Management Information System Processing Adhoc Report. Internal Mails. Inter office Memos. 3.1.2 User Interfaces: A LOGIN form is presented with three fields to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user can perform the required activities. 3.2.2 Analysis Objects 1. Interface Objects: The interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for controlling access to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture. 2. Control Objects: Control objects provide services to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time; an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. Other times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model; an example might be charging someones credit card. 3. Entity Objects: Entity objects model those business objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. Some examples are Customer, product, and an order. Entity objects should be represented by entity beans in the implementation model. The Entity Objects: Customer Invoice Order Stock Product 3.3 INPUTS The following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Industries. 1. Goods Inward Note (GIN) The factory receives this document from the factory along with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and send back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis. 2. Goods received Confirmation On receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document. 3. Goods Returned Note This is prepared based on the information send by the direct customer or dealer on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger. 4. Order Company receives order from their direct customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be. 3.5 Outputs The following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops. 1. Invoice Once an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register. Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register. 2. Dispatch Instructions The invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepared from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip. This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders. 3. Weekly Stock Status Report This is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock of each product. The details are obtained from the stock book. This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report. 4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION 4.1 DATA DESIGN Data objects A data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent existence and can be uniquely identified. The following data objects are derived for the system. Customer Order Product Invoice category Relationships A relationship is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that relationship exists between clerk and customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type. The following relationships are identified for the system. For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified. Customer â€Å"places† an Order. Order â€Å"contains† Product. Product â€Å"dispatched to† Customer. The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows : Customer â€Å"receives† Invoice. Invoice â€Å"has† Product. E-R Diagram E-R Diagram as a method to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system. 4.2 Screens ONLINE SHOPPING SCREENS TESTING It is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. Testing is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance. 5.1 Testing strategy 5.1.1 Unit Testing: This testing method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than getting into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module. 5.1.2 Integration testing: Here all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the larger system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in synchronous with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are running perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos. 5.1.3 Validation testing: Testing is a major quality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been detected by design. In a non-incremental integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected. Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing. 5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing) Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control hierarchy beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth First manner or in a Depth First manner. This process is done in five steps: Main control module is used as a test driver and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program. Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules. Tests are conducted. On completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced. This process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at upper levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential. If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated. Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure. BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTING Begins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated. The following steps implement this strategy: Low-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function. A driver is written to coordinate test case input and output. Cluster is tested. Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters. Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified. REGRESSION TESTING Each time a new module is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended behavior as additional errors. Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for subsequent playback tools enables the software engineer to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases. 6. CONFIGURATION 7. FEATURES USED 7.1 About J2EE (Javaâ„ ¢ 2 Platform Enterprise Edition, v1.3) Today, more and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the enterprise and leverage the speed, security, and reliability of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding world of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before. To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Javaâ„ ¢2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EEâ„ ¢) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not tied to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements. Distributed Multitier Applications The J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model for both enterprise applications. Application logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application parts shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components. Client-tier components run on the client machine. Web-tier components run on the J2EE server. Business-tier components run on the J2EE server. Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server. Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations: client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage. J2EE Architecture The required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this figure shows the logical relationships of the elements; it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual machines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java Messaging Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. All these services are explained below. The arrows represent required access to other parts of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for connectivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the Web Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environments for each type of application component. J2EE Architecture Diagram J2EE Components J2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components: Application clients and applets are components that run on the client. Java Servlet and JavaServer Pagesâ„ ¢ (JSPâ„ ¢) technology components are Web components that run on the server. Enterprise JavaBeansâ„ ¢ (EJBâ„ ¢) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server. J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and â€Å"standard† Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server. J2EE Clients A J2EE client can be a Web client or an application client. Web Clients A Web client consists of two parts: dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server. A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin clients usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies. Applets A Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual machine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and possibly a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser. Web components are the preferred API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleaner and more modular application design because they provide a way to separate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs. Application Clients A J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible. Application clients directly access enterprise beans running in the