A reflective paper of 1000 words discussing design work and research Essay

Marketing Segmentation of Tata Nano in India and Its Targeting and Positioning Strategy.

Substance Market Segmentation, Positioning, Targeting: An instance of Tata Nano in India EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Targeting and situating procedure of Tata Nano and proposals for the organization are given. Presentation: BACKGROUND: According to Howard and Sheth (1969, p. 70), â€Å"market division relies upon the possibility that the organization should portion or separation the market so as to accomplish sets of buyers† Historically venders were occupied with mass showcasing. They were into the large scale manufacturing, mass advancement and mass conveyance of one item to all purchasers so as to get economies of scale. This methodology of advertising division made the makers to go up against their rivals as far as items and administrations. Kotler says â€Å"the item separation is to give assortment to the purchasers instead of to speak to various segments†. Conversation: CRITICISM OF MARKETING SEGMENTATION: When the size of the market is so little to do promoting When a brand is a prevailing brand in the market. At the point when increasingly number of individuals falls in a similar class. The majority of the brands don't work inside a similar fragment. Certain brands can't fit into a specific fragment which is a downside to this system. In private ventures and brands this methodology won't work and it is preposterous. Instance OF TATA NANO IN INDIA AND ITS MARKET SEGMENTATION: Tata Motors is the main car maker in India with an immense portfolio which incorporates trucks, traveler vehicles, transports, and utility vehicles. Despite the fact that there are numerous items from Tata Motors a fascinating instance of Tata Nano is examined further. By and large Tata Motors follow the advertising division idea and they have succeeded which as of now wins in the history. Goodbye Nano which goes under the traveler vehicle fragment was propelled in January 2008. India’s traveler vehicle portion has been developed phenomenally for as far back as four years and it was the smart procedure of Ratan Tata to dispatch an item in that section. Going to the showcasing division of Tata Nano is very intriguing. Goodbye Nano is exceptionally structured and produced for the white collar class and lower working class individuals in India (Interview of Ratan Tata). Promoting Segmentation for Tata Nano: Geographic: country zones, semi urban territories, modest communities, enormous urban communities and metropolitans. Segment: Age gathering: individuals old enough gathering over 18 (as the legitimate age for driving in India is 18) Size of family: family size not more than 5. Psychographic and Behavioral: ANALYSIS OF TATA NANO’S MARKETING SEGMENTATION: From the above division factors and how Tata Nano is portioned, obviously the producer needs his item to be utilized by nearly everybody in every geographic condition. In segment section the salary gathering of $220 can without much of a stretch buy this vehicle is referenced. Be that as it may, again they state this can likewise suit the individuals who own vehicles as of now for expanding the check which adds benefit to them just as their status. Indeed, even in the occupation classification, it is referenced that directly from understudies to any calling individual can utilize Nano which again places many individuals in the class. Focusing on AND POSITIONING OF TATA NANO: Tata Nano’s focusing on technique begins from its slogan â€Å"The people’s Car† and â€Å"the world’s reasonable car†. Goodbye Nano is fragmented to the white collar class and lower working class individuals who had just envisioned about vehicles which additionally incorporate the individuals who gain $220 every month. Their objective clients are the individuals who are very cost cognizant and have low scope of agreeableness. Industry shrewd they focus on the bike business, three wheeler industry (which are more expensive than nano), open vehicles also to a degree. Henceforth evaluating is their best focusing on methodology. (Admap magazine, www. warc. com/admap) Positioning of Tata Nano is exclusively founded on its value which may likewise turn into a disadvantage to them in future. Goodbye Nano is very much situated which will do a promoting for the whole Tata Motors. As Nano will be the primary vehicle of numerous clients there will be a chance of clients to follow Tata Motors on the off chance that they have a decent incentive for cash item and great client relationship the executives. As referenced Nano will be the principal vehicle individuals will unquestionably change their vehicle and that may be potentially for another vehicle in Tata Motors itself. Additionally Tata is likewise got a wide scope of vehicles which are solid and better quality which suits Indian streets. (NDTV news) {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:frame} draw:frame} {draw:frame} CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The showcasing division idea is a decent procedure in promoting however not material for all businesses, administrations or items. Nano is got a decent division and its very much focused on and situated. As Nano is focusing on individuals with its cost system, in future because of som e swelling if estimation of cash expands they probably won't have the option to persuade their clients. Goodbye is a decent dependable brand in India and now the situating of Nano as the main vehicle of numerous individuals will most likely assistance them in becoming their Tata Motors association. REFERENCES: Caroline Tynan and Jennifer Drayton, Journal of promoting the executives, 1987, 2, No 3, 301-335. Smith, W. R. (1956), â€Å"Product separation and market division as elective showcasing strategies†, _Journal of Marketing, _2J (3), pp. 3-8. Pastry specialist, M. J. (Ed) (1984), Macmillan Dictionary of Marketing and Advertising, London, Macmillan. Haley, R. L (1968), â€Å"Benefit division: A choice situated research tool†, Journal_ of_ Marketing, 32(3), pp. 30-35. Chisnall, P. M. (1985), Marketing: A Behavioral Analysis (second release). Maidenhead, Berkshire, McGraw-Hill UK Ltd. Lunn. T. (1978), â€Å"Segmenting and building markets†. In: Consumer Market Research Handbook (second release) (Eds. ) Worcester, R. M. also, Downham, J. , London, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. (UK) Ltd. , pp. 343-376. Haley, R. L (1968), â€Å"Benefit division: A choice arranged research tool†, _Journal of_ Marketing, 32(3), pp. 30-35. Siddharth Vinayak Patankar, (2009), â€Å"_NDTV’s audit of the Tata Nano_†, NDTV Profit Online, [http://benefit. ndtv. com/2009/03/23220600/How-does-the-Tata-Nano-drive. html]. www. tatanano. inservices. tatamotors. com Joseph Sassoon, Admap magazine, www. warc. com/admap.

A Broken Leg, And A Play With Impact The Good and Bad that RENT Can Do

A Broken Leg, And A Play With Impact The Good and Bad that RENT Can Do Fox aired a live show of Rent on Sunday, January 27. At least, that was the plan. Rogers actor Brennin Hunt broke his leg, and he didnt have an understudy. Fox decided to release the dress rehearsal, which cameras had taped the previous day, while the audience that showed up for the show got a live concert with Hunt singing. Hunt was a good sport, performing while using a wheelchair and staying in character. People didnt like the choice, and made their opinion clear. They would have preferred an understudy so that the show could go on, as the saying goes, or to see the live concert. Viewers asked why they couldnt see the raw, passionate emotional music and the breakdown into giggles. They compared the event to when the shows creator Jonathan Larson died before his show premiered in 1996, and the cast decided to simply do a read-through and song concert for Larsons family. I will say, what I saw of Rent on Sunday was fun and enjoyable. Jordan Fisher portrayed an endearing Mark who knows hes flawed and seems to worry that hes just making art for the sake of making art. We got some rocking choreography, and a sense of fun. Rent is a seductive work that prioritizes the concept of making art over protesting or acting to improve ones life situation. It follows a group of friends who are filming, composing, or teaching in the middle of the 1980sâ€"90s AIDS crisis, when the Reagan government decided to take the homophobic blind eye route. Mark, first played by the brilliant Anthony Rapp, starts filming his friends livesâ€"Roger laments not living long enough to write one last song; Joanne and Maureen dance around how Maureen doesnt want the straight-laced commitment that her girlfriend offers; a dancer named Mimi wants to date Roger but knows he doesnt like her junkie habits; Professor Collins starts a relationship with a street drummer named Angelâ€"as AIDS and death creep closer. Their landlord Benny promised them one free year of rent but has to backtrack and demands they work together. Showing A Glamorous Time and Ignoring the Tragedy As Lindsay Ellis discusses in her video essay on Rent, the musical overlooks the fight for AIDS activists to prevent the pandemic in the 1980s, while alluding to an abstract revolution. Most of the characters with AIDs are people of color, but Mark our cameraman is a white dude without the disease and decides to chronicle it as a means of coping with losing his friends. (I like Mark, actually.) In all honesty, the concern is that Rent provides an inaccurate picture of what life was actually like for people living with AIDS at the time, and fighting for better treatment. Alexander Chee, in his memoir How to Write an Autobiographical Novel: Essays, talks about going to marches, facing the risk of arrest or police assault, and how there was nothing to do but march because otherwise people wouldnt listen. There wasnt a choice but to stand up and fight. Then we have the dilemma Mark brings up in the play: is he really chronicling his friends as a tribute, or is he just exploiting their pain for an intrinsic artistic value? He and Roger are proudly not speaking to their parents, who call frequently and leave worried voicemails; they could easily move back home, no questions asked, and develop their art in a less stressful environment. Giving Us A Way to Cope with Pain On the other hand, Rent accurately nails the pain of succumbing to disease, the fear of death. Will I? is a song in round, where multiple people ask if they will lose [their] dignity, will someone care? When characters die, we feel the weight. The whole cast makes a temporary truce with Benny, their landlord and primary antagonist, who agrees to pay for Angels funeral and for Mimis rehab. When I listen to the songs, I think about my dad, and my reasons for writing or creating. My dad died from cancer, but the loss is still there. I have memories of how frail he became, and how he shaved his hair because of the chemotherapy. And I question if I want to tell stories just for the fun of it, and if I ever step out of my lane. Anthony Rapp, in his memoir  Without You: A Memoir of Love, Loss, and the Musical Rent, understood the power. Rent was his first big break, and he mentions performing in the play while his mother became ill, and when he struggled to extricate himself from an abusive relationship. The lyrics struck a chord as his mother got to see one performance where he gave it his all as Mark. Rapp was also someone who initiated that the concert tribute to Larson became the full show. In La Vie Boheme, Mark jumps on a restaurant table to start the song and engage the crowd. Rapp decided that the songs energy couldnt lend itself to merely singing, and so he jumped on the table. The cast followed suit. Ways to Share the Good and Bad, and Pay for the Dead Twitter reached a consensus Sunday that if you know Rents problematic issues, then it should be fine to watch the show and enjoy the music. As long as we remember the dead, then we can celebrate the living and the performing. For what its worth, we can take something problematic and turn it to a force of good. Rapp performed a loving parody of La Vie Boheme at Leaky Con in 2013, which included a plug for the Esther Earl Charity Ball at the convention. You can tell he had fun dressing up as a Time Lord. Engaging with art shows what kind of person we are. As long as we go in with both eyes open and knowing context, then we arent terrible people. I imagine most of us will be paying rent this year.

Portrayal of Women in La Belle Dame Sans Merci, Lady of...

Portrayal of Women in La Belle Dame Sans Merci, Lady of Shalott, My last Duchess, and Porphyrias Lover Within the five poems we have studied, La Belle Dame Sans Merci, Lady of Shalott, My last duchess, Porphyrias lover and Marianna. Women are portrayed as weak characters with no voice. All of these poems are seen through the eyes of men, who accuse them of being self-centred and lacking in morals. However, these judgements can be placed upon the men themselves. The social/historical position of women during the nineteenth century can be identified within the poems. Brownings dramatic monologues in particular show womens lack of voice and dependency on men during the eighteen hundreds.†¦show more content†¦Keats describes her, as a faerys child and later says in language strange she said I love thee true - this implies her mythical quality which mystifies and captures the knight . The poem represents three characters the narrator, the knight and La belle dame. The story is told by the knight, but begins with opening questions from the narrator, o what can ail thee knight at arms, Alone and palely loitering? Keats portrays La belle dame in a negative light, as a character who distrusts and mistreats the knight. Perhaps this expresses keats feelings towards women, however he creates separate characters with different personalities. Although La belle dame is described as a beautiful mythical creature she uses the knight and leaves him to die. In the last three stanzas of the poem the knight describes the sight of dead men on the cold hill side who have also been enthralled by the faerys child. Her kind words and beauty tricked the knight along with the other men. The title La Belle Dame Sans Merci - the beautiful women without mercy highlights this. The knight in some ways can be seen as being portrayed negatively. Keats portrays men as being superficial human beings who fall for the beauty of woman. The knight is fooled by the faerys child exterior failing to see her deceitful character. Women are

The Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )

The Developmental Psychopathological Approach to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Introduction This report endeavours to provide a Developmental Psychopathological Approach of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Developmental Psychopathology is broadly conceptualised as depicting the dynamic processes underlying ‘typical’ child development (Campbell, Cummings Patrick,2003). An awareness of ‘typical’ and ‘atypical’ developmental characteristics at varied ages and developmental stages is crucial for parents and health professionals. Through the use of developmental psychopathology, clinicians and parents are able to gain an insight into children’s behaviour, as well as acknowledge assessments, therapeutic planning and treatments†¦show more content†¦In general, children who experience a single-occurring trauma display symptoms of PTSD within a year. In some cases this can be delayed and re-emerge in later life. The diagnosis of PTSD originated in the 1980s’s when war veterans displayed symptoms. PTSD was conseque ntly only conceptualised for traumatised adults in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA, 2013).However, recent studies proposed that children and adolescents between 1-18 years old show distinct symptoms that contribute to the development of PTSD. As a result, the DSM -5 issued a new sub-type criterion for Preschool children under the age of six. These core symptoms are divided into four clusters: re-experiencing, emotional numbing, avoidance and hyper-arousal (APA,2013). Individuals must display at least one symptom from each cluster for one month or longer and it must cause significant distress to the child’s development. Children with PTSD may re-experience the trauma through intrusive forms of thought, flashbacks, nightmares and emotional or physical distress. Young children tend to generalise recurring nightmares into unrecognisable content, such as monsters. In addition, children may experience the trauma through repetitive play, re-enactment and destructive behaviour. The second cluster is avoidance patterns. This refers to children avoiding distressing thoughts, feelings and reminders of the

Terrorism in India Free Essays

Terrorism is not new and though it was seen since the beginning of recorded history it is hard to define. The earliest known organisation was the Zealots of Judea. The Assassins were the next group to show recognizable characteristics of terrorism, as we know today. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though both Zealots and Assassins operated in antiquity, they are relevant today as forerunners of modern terrorists in aspect of motivation, organisation, targeting and goal and although both were ultimate failures still they are remembered hundreds of years later. Terrorism has today become the latest threat to world peace and particularly to Indian’s national security. The menace of terrorism whether perpetrated by individuals, groups or state forces is a crime against humanity which has wounded societies all over the world.The terrorist has not only threatened the ideals of democracy and freedom but also caused a serious challenged to the existence, progress and development of mankind. The modern technology has further added a new dimension to terrorism as the highly sophisticated weapons are now easily available to the terrorist groups as well. In the world-wide there are numerous terrorist organisations that are existing actively in their apart from other International terrorist organisations.The alarming increase in terrorist attacks in this century is a cause of serious concern. The rates at which the attacks have increased are such1 – | In the Year |Number of International terrorist attacks (approx. ) | | 2005 | 45 | | 2006 | 54 | 2007 | 126 | | 2008 | 322 | | 2009 | 287 | | 2010 (up to May) | 332 | ____________________________________________________________ ________ *LL. M, PGDCFS. Lecturer in Law, Midnapore Law College, Midnapore, West Bengal. PIN – 721102 1. Wikipedia (the Free Encyclopaedia, available in the internet) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents HISTORICAL BACKGROUND From the time of the Assassins (late 13th century) to the 1700’s, terror and barbarism were widely used in warfare and conflict, but key ingredients for terrorism were lacking. Use of the word â€Å"terrorism† began in 1795 in reference to the Reign of Terror initiated by the Revolutionary Government in France.During the late 19th century radical political theories and improvements in weapons technology encouraged the formation of small groups of revolutionaries who effectively attacked nation-states. Anarchists produced some striking success, assassinating heads of State from Russia, France, Spain, Italy and the United Sates. However, their lack of organisation and refusal to cooperate with other social movements rendered anarchists ineffective as a political movement. In the early years of 20th century nationalism and revolutionary political ideologies were the principal developmental forces acting upon terrorism.Since the end of World War II, terrorism has accelerated its development into a major component of contemporary conflict. Terrorists are improving their sophistication and abilities in all aspects of their operations and support. Weapons technology has become more increasingly available, and the purchasing power of terrorist organisations is on the rise. The ready availability of both technology and trained personnel to operate it with sufficient cash allows the well-funded Governmental counter-measures. The age of modern terrorism i. e. nternationalisation of terror might be said to have begun in 1968 when the popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked an airliner en route from Tel Aviv to Rome. Thos internationalisation of terror was progressed by the way of cooperative training between Palestinian groups and the Japanese Red Army which began in 1974. Since then international terrorist has continued to grow and continues to this day. In beginning it was confined to Kashmir only. But now it has a larger footprint and it is spreading all over the country.Before going to mention some of the more recent incidents, let us remember worst act of terrorism in the history of mankind namely the demolition of World Trade Centre of USA on 11th September, 2001. Surat, Jaipur, Delhi, Mumbai all have seen some big terrorist strikes in the past. North-eastern part of the country also becomes target of the terrorist. Tamilnadu has also faced fall out of terrorism promoted by the Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Srilanka. In early eighties there lighted a spark of terrorism in Punjab and the demon of terrorism took the life of thousand peoples.The largest act of international terrorism occurred on September 11, 2001 in a set of coordinated attacks on the USA where Islamic terrorists hijacked civilian airliners and used them to attack the World Trade Centre towers in New York City and Pentagon in Washington, DC. Other major attacks also occurred in New Delhi (Indian Parliament attack); Bali Car bomb attack; London subway bombings; Madrid train bombings and the most recent attacks in Mumbai (hotels, train station and a Jewish outreach centre. MEANING OF TERRORISMBut to describe a person, a group or a party as ‘terrorist’ it is necessary to know what is ‘terrorism’ i. e. definition of ‘terrorism. ’ The term ‘terrorism’ comes from the French word ‘terrorisme’ which is based on the latin verb ‘terrere’ meaning ‘to cause to tremble. ’ According to Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, 1989 terrorism is a policy intended to intimidate or cause terror. The Encyclopaedia Britannica defines terrorism as the systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about particular political objectives.As per Wikipedia, the largest store house of information, terrorism is violence or other harmful acts committed (or threatened) against civilian for political or other ideological goals. The European Union defines terrorism as an act with the aim of â€Å"destabilising or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country. † The Code of Federal Bureau of Investigation of USA has defined terrorism as â€Å"the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, a civilian population or any segment, in furtherance of political or social objectives. The FBI further describes terrorism as either domestic or international depending on the origin, base, and objectives of the terrorists. There are more than 100 definition of the word ‘terrorism’; these definitions are used by UNO, the European Union, United States and other countries. The modern definition of terrorism is inherently controversial. The United Nations states that â€Å"the question of a definition of terrorism has haunted the debate among states for decades. A first attempt to arrive at an internationally acceptable definition was made under the League of Nations, but the convention drafter in 1937 never came into existence. The UN Member States shall have no agreed upon definition. The lack of agreement on a definition of terrorism has been a major obstacle to meaningful international counter measures. Terrorism has been of concern for the international community since 1934 when League of Nations attempted or the first time to adopt a convention for the prevention and punishment of terrorism. Although it was adopted in 1937, it actually never came into force then.The case is somewhat different when United Nations took initiatives in this regard. Since 1963 United Nations has elaborated as many as 13 international conventions to prevent terrorist through the world. CAUSES OF TERRORISM On proper analysis the following causes for the various insurgent/terrorist movements in India can be deduced – i) Political causes – In Assam and Tripura it is seen that due to the failure of the government to control large scale illegal immigration of Muslim from Bangladesh, to fulfil the demand of economic benefits for the son and daughters of the soil etc. i) Economic causes – Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chattishgarh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal are prime examples. The e conomic factors include the absence of land reform, rural unemployment, exploitation of landless labourers and etc. These economic grievances and gross social injustice have given rise to ideological terrorist groups such as Maoist groups operating under different names. iii) Ethnic causes – It is seen mainly in Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur due to feelings of ethnic separateness. iv) Religious causes – Punjab before 1995 and in Jammu and Kashmir since 1989.CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFORM AND TERRORISM The menace of terrorism is a crime against humanity which has wounded societies all over the world. The terrorists have not only threatened the ideals of democracy and freedom but also caused a serious challenge to the existence, progress and development of mankind. In order to combat the terrorism a multi-pronged approach is needed. The systematic causes must be addressed. A proper policy to combat terror should be formulated. Appropriate laws should be enacted. These should be regional as well as international cooperation among the countries.It is normally said that terrorism is a low intensity work. But the losses which are caused due to terrorism in every year are very shocking. Though laws no matter how harsh they are cannot by themselves prevent terrorist attacks. They can help in the successful investigation and prosecution of cases against terrorist and those who aid and abet terrorist acts. Therefore the need for special laws to combat. Terrorism cannot be under estimated, actually the problem lies with the implementation of laws and the abuse of powers conferred on the authorities under the special laws.The record in this regard has been far from satisfactory to say the list popular criticism against these laws have been based more in which they are implemented than on any modification in the laws and procedures. If the regular Criminal Justice System has performed its task with reasonable result, there would have been no need for special laws or institutions to deal with terrorist acts. Three distinct functions are involved in combating terrorism, they relate to pre-empting and preventing; containing and managing; and investigating and prosecuting. There may be need for convergence of these three functions as operational level.The challenge before the government is managing the three fold counter terrorism mechanism for optimum result. In this context I like to throw a light on the recommendation of the Law Commission of India regarding suitable legislation for combating terrorism and anti-national activities and also the opinion of the National Human Rights Commission over this subject along with the recommendation of the Malimath Committee on the reform of the Criminal Justice System. The Law Commission of India undertook a study of the security situation for assessing the need for comprehensive ant-terrorism law.It took into consideration similar legislations in other countries, held two seminars on 20th December, 1999 and 29th January, 2000 to elicit opinion on the matter, and it opined that India requires a permanent anti-terror law and without any further loss of time. After the expiry of TADA the Law Commission was entrusted with the task of enacting a suitable legislation for combating terrorism and other anti-national activities. The Law Commission subsequently recommended Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 20 0 which was modified version of TADA.However, subsequently Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance, 2001 was promulgated by the President. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) rejected the draft bill submitted by the Law Commission and stressed the need for observing and defending ‘national integrity’ and ‘individual dignity’ – both being the central valves of the Constitution and there was a need to balance those two2. According to the NHRC – the problem which the Criminal Justice System in India faced is related to (a) proper investigation of crimes, (b) efficient prosecution of criminal trials and (c) the long days in adjudication and punishment in courts.None of the problems, however, could be ____________________________________________________________ _________ 2. Annual Report of the NHRC 2002-2003 solved by enacting laws that did away with the safeguards that were designed to prevent innocent persons from being prosecuted and punished, or by providing for a more drastic procedure for prosecution of certain crimes3. ANTI TERRORIST LAWS IN INDIA A multi pronged approach is needed to tackle the terrorist threat. A proper policy to combat terror should be formulated. Appropriate laws should be enacted.Actually terrorism has been of concern for the international community since 1934 when League of Nation attempted for the first time to adopt a convention for the prevention and punishment of terrorism. Although it was eventually adopted in 1937 it actually never came into force since then. The case is some what different when one looks at the United Nation’s initiatives in this regard. It was particularly since 1963 the United Nation has elaborated as many as thirteen international conventions to prevent terrorist act through out the world.The US and UK have both effective anti terrorism laws in the United States following the terrorist attacks on 9th September, 2001, President Bush approved on October 26, 2001, the Uniting and Strengthening America By Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001 to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the World. UK had Prevention of Terrorism Act, 1974, Terrorism Act, 2000, Anti Terrorism Crime and Security Act, 2001, Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2005, Terrorism Act, 2006, Counter Terrorism Act, 2008 to prevent terrorist activities.In Belgium Anti Terrorism Ac t, 2003, in Australia Anti Terrorism Legislation, 2004, Australian Anti Terrorism Act, 2005 in New Zealand Terrorism Suppression Act, 2002, in South Africa, South African Terrorism Act, 1967 are in force even in Pakistan Anti Terrorism Act, 1997, Anti Terrorism Act as Amended 1999 are in force. Terrorism has immensely affected in India. The reason for terrorism in India may vary vastly from religious to geographical to cast to history. The Indian Supreme Court took a note of it in Kartar Singh v.State of Punjab4, where it observed that the country has been firm grip of spiralling terrorist violence and is caught between deadly pangs of disruptive activities anti terrorism laws in India have always been a subject of much controversy. On of the argument is that these laws stand in the way of guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution. The anti terrorist laws have been enacted before by the legislature and upheld by judiciary though not with out reluctance. The intention was to enact statutes and bring them in force till the situation improves.This intention was not to make these drastic measures a permanent feature of law of the land. But because of continuing terrorist activities the statutes have been reintroduced with requisite modifications. The Law Commission of India headed by a former judge of the Supreme Court recommended in April, 2000 the adoption of a law designed to deal firmly and effectively with terrorist and there activities. At present the legislations to check terrorism in India are the National Security Act, 1980 and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 as Amended in 2008.Besides there have been other anti- terrorism laws in force in this country a different point in time, such as Terrorist And ____________________________________________________________ _________ 3. Annual report of NHRC, 2001 – 2002 4. [1994] 3 SCC 569 Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA), 1987, Prevention of Terrorist Act (POTA), 2002, Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act (MCOCA) 1999 etc. The most important change brought about recently is the establishment of the National Investigation Agenc y under National Investigation Agency Act, (NIA) 2008 for effective handling of terrorism related offences. Another important Act i. e. Armed Forces (Special Power) Act (AFSP), 1958 prevails in the North-eastern Region of India. This controversial legislation is promulgated deal with insurgency and terrorism in North-eastern States. This notorious empowers law enforcement personnel to shoot and kill any person who is acting in contravention of law or order. This Act has been criticised on various times as to the validity of the Act by the national as well as international organisations. The first law made in independent India to deal with terrorism and terrorist activities was the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. This Act was design to deal with association and activities that questioned the territorial integrity of India. The second major Act came into force in the year 1987 was the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987. This Act had much more stringent provisions than the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 and it was specially made to deal with terrorist activities in India. When TADA was enacted it came to be challenged before the Supreme Court as being unconstitutional, though the Supreme Court of India upheld its constitutional validity.However there were many instances of misuse of power for collateral purposes. The rigorous contend in the statute came to be abused in the hands of law enforcement officials. TADA lapsed in the year 1995 after passing the judgement by our Supreme Court in Kartar Sing v. State of Punjab5. Subsequently the country was witnessed to major terrorist incidents including the Indian Parliament attack in the year 2001. The government was thereafter obliged to enact the Prevention of Terrorist Act (POTA) 2002. POTA is also criticised on the ground that it gave extraordinary power to the law enforces agencies which are misused.Finally, in the year 2004 the UPA Government repealed the POTA because it was found to be draconian, misused and counter productive. Subsequently the Unlawful Activities Prevention Amendment Act, 2004 was passed though lots of provisions of POTA have retained in this Act. Lastly in the year 2008 the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008 along with National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act were passed for effective handling of terrorism related offences. If those laws are to be scrapped because it is misused, then perhaps most of our laws will have to be dumped in the Indian Ocean.So the proper approach in such cases should be punished those who misuse the law and what is necessary is regulation not the scrapping of any Act or Statute. NEED TO STRIKE A BALANCE The Amnesty International, in May 2003, charged that, â€Å"the war on terror, far from making the world a safer place, has made it more dangerous by curtailing human rights, undermining the rule of international law and shielding governments from scrutiny†. Again in its Report 2004, it said that:- â€Å"The global security agenda promoted by the US Administration is bankrupt of vision and bereft of principle. Violating rights at home, turning a blind eye to abuses abroad ___________________________________________________________ _________ 5. [1994] 3 SCC 569 and using pre-emptive military force where and when it chooses has damaged justice and freedom, and made the w orld a more dangerous place. † The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) has also criticized the US for the PATRIOT Act and UK for the Anti-terrorism Act, and said that these laws constitute â€Å"serious violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) as they prevent non-nationals from the full enjoyment of basic human rights†. The Acts also violate Article 26 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as they create discrimination on grounds of national origin. In India, the government has already repealed POTA and is in the process of enacting a milder legislation. The Supreme Court of India in lndira Gandhi v. Raj Narain6 rightly observed that â€Å"the major problem of human society is to combine that degree of liberty without which law is tyranny with that degree of law without which liberty become license†. It would appear that we need to strike a balance between the security concerns and the human rights considerations.The regulatory and monitoring mechanism which help deter, identify, and track terrorists have to be there, but these should not seriously jeopardize the liberty and freedom of the citizens. The balance should be such which, on the one hand, does not fetter the initiative of the security forces, maintains their morale and generally gives adequate latitude to the gove rnment to undertake anti-terrorist operations and, at the same time, ensures that the laws of the land are observed and the human rights are by and large upheld. SOME EFFECTIVE MEASURES Terrorism is a complex phenomenon. As it is basically a result of politico-socio-economic and administrative malaise, it can not be cured by military action alone. Any state measures to counter terrorism have, therefore, to be a mixture of political, social, administrative and military actions. Fighting terrorism requires taking a series of multi-pronged measures and strategies on the part of state authorities some of them are given below- 1.Countering terrorism is an 80% psychological and sociological warfare and 20% use of force against the terrorists; Psychological and sociological in puts should therefore be given an important place in the formation of appropriate counter-terrorism strategies. 2. Extraordinary administrative and legislative measures should be adopted to curb terrorism. 3. The electronic media, the print media, field publicity department and intellectuals should play constructive, effective and meaningful role in combating terrorism. 4.The police and Para-military forces should be equipped with sophisticated weapons and a professionally efficient antiterrorist force should be created. 5. Civil and military forces should tape the traditional resources of influence and information for the collection of- information about terrorists, their designs and hideouts. 6. There should be proper and meaningful coordination between various intelligence agencies working for the collection of intelligence about terrorists ____________________________________________________________ ________ 6. AIR 1975 SC 2299 and their activities. A composite intelligence gathering and dissemination centre should be established. 7. The state should strive to achieve a national consensus on its anti-terrorism, policies on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of all aspects of the problem. Such policies should be clear, coherent- and pragmatic ones and applied firmly against the terrorists. 8. There should be special employment drive, development boost and revival of literary cultural forums. 9.Sincere efforts should be made to revise the political activities, to hold elections and to hand over power to the elected representatives of people in the areas affected by terrorism. 10. State machinery should be strengthened and strong administrative measures must be taken to counter terrorism. All organs of the state should function at their optimum of efficiency, individually as well as collectively. 11. Conscious and concerted efforts should be made by the state officials at every level to redress the public grievances. 12.Serious attempts should be made to separate terrorist from general public and no excesses should be committed on innocent masses. 13. The most competent official be posted in the terrorist-ridden areas. 14. The administration should be just, impartial and fair in thinking as well as in action. Even in armed clashes with the terrorists the security forces should observe laws and human rights as far as possible. 15. Efforts should be made to normalise the relations between civilian and police forces. 16. Integrated counter-terrorist strategy should be adopted and proper coordination between various agencies should be ensured. 7. All efforts should be made to re-construct institutions, systematically demolished by the terrorists. It will inculcate confidence and sense of security among the public. 18. Involvement of security forces in relief works should be augmented. 19. Since corruption in administration and Para-military forces is also partly responsible for the rise of terrorism all efforts should be made to eradicate it. According to N. R. Madhava Menon7, laws, no matter how harsh they are, cannot by themselves prevent terrorist attacks.What is important is to implement terrorist related laws and the level of motivation and competence of persons so appointed. The problem lies with the implementation of laws and the abuse of powers conferred on the authorities under the terrorism related laws. Popular criticism against these laws has been based more on the manner in which they are implemented on any modifications in the laws and procedures. If the Criminal Justice System which is being followed since long be performed with reasonable results. There is no need for special law to deal with terrorist acts, only good governance can control terrorism.He has prescribed three distinct functions for combating terrorism, such as function related to (i) pre-empting and preventing, (ii) containing and managing and (iii) investigating and prosecuting. There may be a need for convergence of these functions effectively. The Constitution will not come in the way of mounting such as effort with appropriate legislative support. ____________________________________________________________ _________ 7. Combating terrorism, and some management issues, The Hindu, Jan 12, 2009. I am also of the view that the problem lies with the police, which is the implementing agency.In September, 2006 the Supreme Court issued many directions to implement unimplemented police reforms recommended by a number of expert agencies of the government over the years. The reforms included the setting up of independent State and National Security Commissions, police establishment boards, police complaints authorities and giving a minimum tenure of heads of field police officers at all levels, including police chiefs. The aim of the recommendations was to make the police and investigative agencies accountable to law and simultaneously to free them from the control of the political executive. CONCLUSIONIt is argued that extraordinary laws are a response to extraordinary situation that emerge primarily because of the openness and freedom which democracy allows. They are integral to its functioning and serve important restorative, curative and corrective purposes. There is also a growing international consensus against terrorism and the need to combat. There are existing international treaties and anti terrorist provisions under the United Nation but this remain ineffective as most government go by their self interest which they are not wiling to compromise. I think there is need for stringent provision for prevention of terrorism.In a country like India if a law regarding terrorism is enacted it should be made so stringent that the culprit be brought to book and does not go scot-free just because o f loopholes or lacunas in the ordinary law because when our neighbouring nation Pakistan which is the cause of perpetrating terrorism in India and can have such stringent laws why cannot India have such laws. The most important change brought about recently is the establishment of the National Investigation Act (NIA), 2008 as the first step towards effective handling of terrorism related offences.Combating terrorism is a joint responsibility of central, state and local governments. This Act envisages centre state partnership in the investigation of terrorist cases. Furthermore, recently Home Minister of India pointing to the threat of terrorism has announced for establishment of National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) modelling US NCTC for systemic change in intelligence processing and functioning of different agencies now working. This move also aims to integrate security operations and bring down departmental firewalls.The multi-agency centres like IB, RAW. NTRO, JIC, NCRB, NIA or NSG being its terror related intelligence functioning will eventually will be included into the NCTC. This is no doubt an important step to deal with all kinds of terrorist violence8. Hence Kofi Annan, ex-secretary General of the UNO rightly remarked that â€Å"Respect for human rights, fundamental freedom and the rule of law are the essential tools in the effort to combat terrorism. † How to cite Terrorism in India, Papers

SAT Essay Student Guide 2019

SAT Essay Student Guide 2019 SAT is probably one of the most important tests that you will ever take as a student. A good SAT score will be a powerful weapon in your arsenal when you will be applying to a good college. Therefore, the SAT can seem as an overwhelming and difficult task to do. The main problem for many students is that they do not have a strong and organized plan on how to get a high score for the test and therefore they are trying to do too much or are cramming at the last minute. But do not think that getting the highest score is so difficult. Following our advice, you will be able to create a good plan which will help you tp pass this test easily and confidently. What is SAT? SAT (at different times SAT Reasoning Test, Scholastic Aptitude Test, Scholastic Assessment Test) is a standardized American test which is required for admission to US colleges and universities. The test is designed to assess the knowledge of the applicant in several areas. In addition, for admission to some specialties, you must pass the SAT Subject Test. Sometimes this test is called SAT I. SAT is held seven times a year in the United States and four times in other countries of the world. Tests are given in October, December, March, May, and also (only in the USA) in June, August and November usually on the first Saturday of the month. The main organizer of the exam is the private organization College Board. Should I do it? SAT is completely optional. First of all, find out if the college or postsecondary institution to which you are about to apply requires the completion of this essay. If not, you might still consider the possibility of passing the test just to demonstrate your writing and analytical skills. Moreover, the scores that you will get back will showcase your strengths and weaknesses in the area and basically, the preparation for the test will serve a preparation for college. What is the assignment? The SAT Essay is not much harder than a typical college writing assignment, where you are asked to analyze the text, so do not worry too much. You will have 50 minutes to complete the Essay. You will be given a passage of nearly 700 words which you will have to read and then respond to it. The main purpose of the SAT is to see how well you can analyze an author’s argument. You need to focus on how the author uses reasoning, evidence, and other rhetorical techniques to create an argument and make it convincing. To save the time on the day of the test you can familiarize yourself with the Essay prompt in advance because the task will be the same in every test and the only thing that’s going to change is the passage/reading section that you will be asked to analyze. Knowing and understanding the task will not only save you time but also will help you to write a stronger essay. Preparing for the Test Make a list of what you need to work on. Think about what you are struggling with the most and take more time to work on these questions. This will not only help you to pass the test way easier but also will relieve stress. Do not forget about your strengths. If you spend all your energy on getting a good score on the writing part, it can make you forget those simple math rules that were already in your arsenal. It is also important to remind yourself that you are an intelligent person with many merits. Otherwise, you will feel insecure during the test. Find out what type of learner you are. Some people better grasp the meaning of the task by reading the text, others need to hear it. Some people need to imagine it in the head. Think about how you perceive information and apply this method to your curriculum. If it is more convenient for you to learn by ear, listen to CDs in the car. If you remember better, looking at the words make cards with text and pictures. Take at least 30 minutes a day for studying. Do not start your preparation the night before the exam, you need to start at least one or two months before. Studies have shown that long-term preparation is more effective than cramming. SAT Essay Outline I. Introduction – Paragraph 1 Restate your topic – attention-getter, start with a question or statement that is going to make your reader interested in what you have to say. Thesis Statement II. Support – Paragraph 2 Counterclaim – point #1 (if this is a compare-contrast essay, use a counter argument at the beginning of every support paragraph) Thesis Point #1 Support (one example, personal experience, fact, or quote) Support (one example, personal experience, fact, or quote) Point of conclusion III. Support – Paragraph 3 Thesis Point #2 Support (one example, personal experience, fact, or quote) Support (one example, personal experience, fact, or quote) Point of conclusion IV. Support – Paragraph 4 Thesis Point #3 Support (one example, personal experience, fact, or quote) Support (one example, personal experience, fact, or quote) Point of conclusion V. Conclusion – Paragraph 5 Restate thesis in different words State a warning or call for action, plan for the future. Tips for or Writing the SAT Essay. Remember that you do not need to think for too long over one question, especially in the section on mathematics, where with each question its complexity increases. Print out the SAT exams of previous years from the Internet or buy exam examples at the bookstore. This will help you to identify your weaknesses and work out the issues in which mistakes were made. You will get the same number of points for the correct answer to any question in the test. So if you are stuck on some point, skip it and continue to work. You can then come back to those questions if you still have time. Do not get nervous when writing a test. Yes, it is important, but it is just a test after all. Get a good sleep at night before the test. If you are rested, you will have more energy to figure out the exams difficulties. Exclude meaningless answers so you are not distracted by inherently wrong ones. Think carefully before answering, because some options can be very deceptive! Do not forget to bring your ID, several pencils, a confirmation of registration for the exam and a calculator. If the question seems too easy, then most likely it’s just is. Do not look for a trick. Practice writing the test in the atmosphere that will be on the real exam. Do not forget to record the time for each section. If you have some time left, be sure to go back and check your answers. Learn not to pay attention to something that distracts you. During the test, you may be distracted by someone’s giggling, clock ticking or noisy air conditioner. Take a deep breath, look at your paper and concentrate. Do not revise your opinion. Your first answer is probably the correct one. Set a good pace of work for yourself while solving tests at home. This will be a lot of help during the real test. Convince your family and friends that you need a quiet place to study, whether it is your room, library or bench in the yard. Just in case, have a stock of sharpened pencils. Be positive. The wrong answer to the task is not the end of the world. SAT Essay FAQ How can I identify my weaknesses and improve them when studying for the SAT? As it has been already said, just take a practice test that will reveal your weak sides and work on them. Can we use a calculator on the SAT? There are two parts on the test: the one where you CAN use a calculator and the one where you CAN’T. Check collegeboard.org to see if your calculator is approved. One of the tips says not to study on the night before the test. Does this mean not even a little refresher is advised? You have to remember that if you study the night or the day before the test, that does not mean that you will perceive the information any better. Of course, you can look through the parts that you are not completely sure of, to refresh your knowledge, but make sure you get enough sleep and rest before taking the exam. What if I am ill on the day of the test? Do not worry, just skip it and reschedule. It will not cost you anything, but taking an exam sick will. What is the most common answer to choose? There is no common answer, nobody follows any pattern in selecting what to answer. Just study well before the exam and you’ll know what to answer.

Archaeology Is a Great Research Paper Option

Archaeology Is a Great Research Paper Option Lets face itone of the toughest jobs of the student is to find a research paper topic, especially if your professor has assigned you a term paper with an open-ended subject. May I recommend archaeology as a starting point? People generally think of archaeology as simply a set of methods: Have trowel, will travel is the theme song for many an archaeological field worker. But in fact, the results of two hundred years of fieldwork and laboratory research means that archaeology is the study of a million years of human behavior, and as such it intersects evolution, anthropology, history, geology, geography, politics, and sociology. And thats just a start. In fact, archaeologys breadth is why I was drawn to the study in the first place. You can just about study anythingeven molecular physics or computer scienceand still be a working archaeologist. After more than fifteen years running this website, Ive built a number of places which you can use as a jumping off point to a fascinating paper, whether you are studying in the field of archaeology or outside of it. And with any luck, you can have fun doing it. I have organized the resources for this website using a broad areal coverage of world history, and in the meantime Ive developed a handful of encyclopedic directories that will help you in your search for the perfect paper topic. In each pocket youll find tidbits about ancient cultures and their archaeological sites compiled from provided references and other suggestions for further research. Somebody should benefit from my particular brand of lunacy! The History of Humans on Planet Earth The History of Humanity includes information on archaeological studies beginning with the very first stone tools of our human ancestors in the Stone Age of 2.5 million years ago, ends with medieval societies about 1500 AD and includes everything in between. Here youll find information on our human ancestors (2.5 million-20,000 years ago), as well as hunter-gatherers (20,000-12,000 years ago), first farming societies (12,000-5,000 years ago), early civilizations (3000-1500 BC), ancient empires (1500-0 BC), developing states (AD 0-1000) and the medieval period (1000-1500 AD). Ancient Civilizations Dont miss my collection of Ancient Civilizations, which brings together resources and ideas on Egypt, Greece, Persia, the Near East, the Incan and Aztec Empires, the Khmer, Indus and Islamic Civilizations, the Roman Empire, the Vikings and the Moche and the Minoans and others too many to mention. Domestication Histories Food naturally fascinates all of us: and more to the point, archaeology is the main source of information about how the domestication of the animals and plants that make up our meals came about. Over the last couple of decades, with the addition of genetic studies, what weve understood about the timing and process of animal and plant domestication has changed greatly. I recommend that you can get a taste of what science has learned about when and how we domesticated cattle, cats and camels, or chickpeas, chiles and chenopodium, can be found linked from the Tables of Animal Domestication and Plant Domestication, and the scientific literature I used to write those articles can serve as starting points for a possible paper. The World Atlas of Archaeology Want to study a particular continent or region? The World Atlas of Archaeology is a great place to kick off your investigations: it is an atlas of archaeological sites and cultures in the world sorted by modern geographic continent and political country boundaries.   The Ancient Daily Life pages includes links to archaeological investigations of roads and writing, battle sites and ancient houses, prehistoric tools and climate change. Scientist Biographies Interested in writing a biography of a famous archaeologist? Then the Biographies in Archaeology should be the starting place for you. There are nearly 500 biographical sketches listed in the Biographies pocket so far. In there youll also find a Women in Archaeology section. I segregated the women out for my own nefarious purposes, and you might as well take advantage of it. A Vast Glossary of Ideas Another resource for piquing your interest is the Archaeology Dictionary, which includes over 1,600 entries of cultures, archaeological sites, theories and other tidbits of archaeological information. I recommend that you simply pick a letter at random and scroll down through the entries. Some of the entries are full-fledged articles; others are short definitions, covering nearly twenty years of my exploration in archaeology, and I bet anything that something will pique your interest. Once youve chosen your topic, you can begin searching for information on which to write your essay. Good luck! More Tips for Writing Research Papers How to Conduct Background Research for a PaperTop Steps to Writing a Research Paper

A Beginners Guide to Statistics

A Beginners Guide to Statistics How many calories did each of us eat for breakfast? How far from home did everyone travel today? How big is the place that we call home? How many other people call it home? To make sense of all of this information, certain tools and ways of thinking are necessary. The mathematical science called statistics is what helps us to deal with this information overload. Statistics is the study of numerical information, called data. Statisticians acquire, organize, and analyze data. Each part of this process is also scrutinized. The techniques of statistics are applied to a multitude of other areas of knowledge. Below is an introduction to some of the main topics throughout statistics. Populations and Samples One of the recurring themes of statistics is that we are able to say something about a large group based on the study of a relatively small portion of that group. The group as a whole is known as the population. The portion of the group that we study is the sample. As an example of this, suppose we wanted to know the average height of people living in the United States. We could try to measure over 300 million people, but this would be infeasible. It would be a logistical nightmare conduct the measurements in such a way that no one was missed and no one was counted twice. Due to the impossible nature of measuring everyone in the United States, we could instead use statistics. Rather than finding the heights of everyone in the population, we take a statistical sample of a few thousand. If we have sampled the population correctly, then the average height of the sample will be very close to the average height of the population. Acquiring Data To draw good conclusions, we need good data to work with. The way that we sample a population to obtain this data should always be scrutinized. Which kind of sample we use depends on what question we’re asking about the population. The most commonly used samples are: Simple RandomStratifiedClustered It’s equally important to know how the measurement of the sample is conducted. To go back to the above example, how do we acquire the heights of those in our sample? Do we let people report their own height on a questionnaire?Do several researchers throughout the country measure different people and report their results?Does a single researcher measure everyone in the sample with the same tape measure? Each of these ways of obtaining the data has its advantages and drawbacks. Anyone using the data from this study would want to know how it was obtained. Organizing the Data Sometimes there is a multitude of data, and we can literally get lost in all of the details. It’s hard to see the forest for the trees. That’s why it’s important to keep our data well organized. Careful organization and graphical displays of the data help us to spot patterns and trends before we actually do any calculations. Since the way that we graphically present our data depends upon a variety of factors. Common graphs are: Pie charts or circle graphsBar or pareto graphsScatterplotsTime plotsStem and leaf plotsBox and whisker graphs In addition to these well-known graphs, there are others that are used in specialized situations. Descriptive Statistics One way to analyze data is called descriptive statistics. Here the goal is to calculate quantities that describe our data. Numbers called the mean, median and mode are all used to indicate the average or center of the data. The range and standard deviation are used to say how spread out the data is. More complicated techniques, such as correlation and regression describe data that is paired. Inferential Statistics When we begin with a sample and then try to infer something about the population, we are using inferential statistics. In working with this area of statistics, the topic of hypothesis testing arises. Here we see the scientific nature of the subject of statistics, as we state a hypothesis, then use statistical tools with our sample to determine the likelihood that we need to reject the hypothesis or not. This explanation is really just scratching the surface of this very useful part of statistics. Applications of Statistics It is no exaggeration to say that the tools of statistics are used by nearly every field of scientific research. Here are a few areas that rely heavily on statistics: PsychologyEconomicsMedicineAdvertisingDemography The Foundations of Statistics Although some think of statistics as a branch of mathematics, it is better to think of it as a discipline that is founded upon mathematics. Specifically, statistics is built up from the field of mathematics known as probability. Probability gives us a way to determine how likely an event is to occur. It also gives us a way to talk about randomness. This is key to statistics because the typical sample needs to be randomly selected from the population. Probability was first studied in the 1700s by mathematicians such as Pascal and Fermat. The 1700s also marked the beginning of statistics. Statistics continued to grow from its probability roots and really took off in the 1800s. Today, it’s theoretical scope continues to be enlarged in what is known as mathematical statistics.

Should animal be used for scientific experiment Research Paper

Should animal be used for scientific experiment - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, to describe tortures of animals in laboratories is rather complicated; it is much easier just to imagine it. Experiments on non-human creatures started long time ago and were notable among many famous scientists. However, lately a query about rightness of such tests has aroused considerably. Dispute on the efficiency and appropriateness of animal experiments continues to stay rather controversial. There are a large number of different organizations such as â€Å"The International Association against Painful Experiments on Animals†, â€Å"The Human Society of the United States† or â€Å"British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection†, which propagandize refusal of any tests on animals and condemn those companies that do not go along with them. In the list of the firms that still haunt rats, mice, rabbits, cats, monkeys and other creatures for trying out their output you can find so world-known brands as Dove, Sunsilk, Rexona, Timotei, Axe, Speed Stic k, Colgate, Max Factor, Pantene, Braun, Ariel, L'Oreal Paris, Lancome, Maybelline, Vichy, Givenchy, Kenzo, Кleenex et cetera. There is the biggest laboratory in Europe named  «Huntingdon Life Sciences » that specializes on testing chemicals. Every year millions of innocent and harmless animals die for the sake of scientific research. It is quite understandable if people use animals to create medicine from AIDS or cancer, for example. Then you can easily say that these scientists serve for saving people from dreadful diseases and deaths. But when poor animals are tormented by painful effects of cosmetics testers then a question about reasonability of the mentioned deeds becomes sharp extremely. Animals are compelled to sacrifice themselves loosing their lives and stipulations of normal existence for making people satisfied with a new detergent or night cream, for instance. In this respect, there are several aspects and arguments that support the idea of animal experiments proh ibition. They are the following: Killing animals for experimentations is ethically wrong, because it displays cruelty and callousness of human nature; Animals have their rights that should be respected and protected by people; Carried out researches often do not give required results, that is why they do not worth all expenses and losses. Therefore the main goal of humanity is to decide whether it is more relevant to continue experimentation or fight against it. The solution of that problem can be considered essential, because it refers to the lives of not only people but non-human animals also. According to Monamy (2009), today every student and researcher involved in animal experimentation should consider a number of ethical questions (Monamy, 2009, p.37). A man is the most powerful entity on the planet. That is why his major task is protection of plants and animals that are not able to take care of themselves for saving and passing on this world to the future generations. However , making experiments on helpless animals, people cut, burn, and drown their bodies, feed them with chemicals and drugs that influence on health and comfort dangerously. Moreover, to be able to observe animal’s reaction often researchers damage skin of the creature deliberately and lubricate it with experimental substance, or treat animal’s eyes with a new drops that in the result causes blindness of the poor animal. Sometimes for testing

Qualitative Research Paper Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Qualitative Critique - Research Paper Example onal Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; and Department of Women and Child Health, Division of Reproductive and Perinatal Health Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden† (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 263) The investigators identified the study approach through explicitly defining the aim and noting that the study would entail conducting interviews, observation and field notes under the portion of data collection (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, pp. 265-266). The authors used a straightforward and comprehensible language that assisted in presenting relevant concepts and expounding on the approach. Likewise, relevant terms were appropriate defined under a heading entitled ‘Definitions’ which came after the Data Collection portion (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 266). To achieve the aim of exploring â€Å"cultural childbirth practices and beliefs in Zambia as related by women accompanying labouring women to maternity units† (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 265), the data collection method (use of interviews, observation and field notes, as indicated) and the data analysis techniques (use of EPI-INFO software to interpret quantitative information and the use of content analysis for the qualitative interpretation) (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 266) were appropriate. These approaches effectively evaluated the results and the design incorporated screening factors that could adversely affect the outcome. The significant or importance of the study was not explicitly stated but the portion which was presented as ‘What this paper adds’ (Maimbowla, Yamba, Diwan, & Ransjo-Arvidson, 2003, p. 272) as value added information. The study’s potential contribution to nursing included illuminating health care practitioners on the role of cultural practices and beliefs during the pregnancy period (from prenatal to antenatal) as influential to

television vs. Reality Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is 8:30 Monday night and the whole family is in the living room watching the Fox network’s primetime hit â€Å"Ally McBeal†. Suddenly, just after the program resumes after a painstakingly long commercial break, you see a man and a woman lying in bed talking to each other after having a night of hot, passionate sex. You look down and see your ten year old son or daughter lying on the floor just staring at the TV, taking it all in. You begin channel surfing, and end up on channel 3, CBS. There is a brand new sitcom being aired called â€Å"Some of My Best Friends†. Almost immediately after you and your family begin viewing this program, two men, both proclaiming to be gay, begin kissing and embracing each other. Upset by all of this â€Å"garbage†, you turn off the TV and decide to try and find something a little more â€Å"educational† to do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sex. It seems to be everywhere on television today. From sitcoms to reality shows to dramas to soap operas, sex is one of the leading factors in most television programs. A recent study showed that 3 out of 4 primetime programs portray sex in relationships and 68% of all television programs contain sexual content (Cutler, Jacqueline, TVData Features Syndicate March 24,2001). There are exceptions to this, however, with networks occasionally focusing on education and children’s programming, but the mainstream of primetime television programs tends to focus on sex. But how accurate is television’s portrayal of sex in the real world? Does everything turn out like it does on shows such as â€Å"Sex in the City† or â€Å"Temptation Island†? Or are these sexual messages just an obvious ploy to help boost ratings? Recently I have watched several shows I thought would help answer these questions. The programs I have researched are â€Å"Friends †, one of NBC’s highest rated shows, â€Å"Everybody Loves Raymond†, a family sitcom on CBS, and â€Å"Days of Our Lives†, one of NBC’s daytime soap operas. In viewing these shows I hope to compare the key message behind sex and relationships in these programs to real life. I will also compare relationships between love and sex, anger and love, friendship and romantic love, and alternatives to heterosexual relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first television program I researched is the critically acclaimed NBC sitcom, â€Å"Friends†. Upon viewing this show, I fo... ...n an interracial relationship or marriage. This sends the message that people of a certain race or culture should marry someone that is like them. There have been rumors, however, of a new character on â€Å"Friends† that is going to be African-American. If this character does appear, then maybe it will encourage more programs to end endogamy and introduce characters of different race and cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The average teen views nearly 15,000 sexual references, innuendoes, and jokes on television every year, according to â€Å"Electronic Babysitter Overexposes Youth to Sex†, a CNN report by Holly Firfer. If these messages are inaccurate, what kind of messages are teens receiving? In the same article, Firfer gave reasons for sex on television. First, Americans seem to eat it up with a spoon. Second, Hollywood has a lack of real writing talent, so why bother with an â€Å"intelligent† story? This seems to be very true, since every year there are more television shows being produced that primarily focus on sex. When will this sexual addiction cease? There is much more in this world than sex, and television should try to portray real life situations as accurately as possible.

Political Science Essay

INTODUCTION Public administration is indispensable of decision making because decision making very crucial in the sustenance of organisations. There are a number of decision making models .These include rational comprehensive model, satisficing model, incremental model and mixed scanning model. All of them have their assumptions, strengths and weaknesses to be discussed below. None of these models is the best but it depends on the nature of the problem at hand. However, one may argue that rational comprehensive model appears to be the best model among others notwithstanding the fact that it has some limitations. Therefore decision making is very crucial in public administration, as it provides solutions to emanating societal problems. BODY Definition of key terms According to Barron`s Accounting Dictionary, decision making is a purposeful selection from among a set of alternatives in the light of a given objective. According to Web Definitions it is a cognitive process of reaching a decision. To Simon decision making is synonymous with management. He calls it the heart of the organisation. In general decision making is an act of choosing between two or more courses of action. RATIONAL COMPEHENSIVE DECISION MAKING MODEL Assumptions Carley cited in McGrew et al (1982:49) believes that rationality has a common core meaning. That is â€Å"distinction between ends or and goals and means to achieve those goals†¦some rules for evaluating the cost and benefits of each alternative means so as to select the optimum solution to the decision problem in a way which would†¦,be constructed and examined by analysts†. Thus to be rational is to be systematic, logical, intelligent and reasoning. It assumes that decision makers are rational beings who are driven by the need to maximise .It also assumes that one has to be comprehensive in order to be rationality .It assumes that decision makers have predictive capabilities to foresee accurately the consequences of alternative decisions. It also assumes that decision makers have higher propensity to access of information and resources. Thus the rational model has confidence in the decision makers since they are assumed to be rational. Stages involved in rational de cision making process Barber (1983:35)†rational comprehensive decision making approach deals with a programme of logical and sequential steps†. The first step is to identify a problem and all values related to the problem. This is what Hebert Simon call intelligent activity. For example the notion of occupational hazards, deaths and injuries at work place. The second objective is setting of goals and objectives to solve the problem. In this situation objectives might be creation of healthful environment, reduction of deaths and injuries. The third stage is listing all possible alternatives for achieving set goals. This is what Simon calls the design stage. The fourth stage is to list costs and possible consequences. In relation with the given example alternatives may be penalising organisations which are not attaining good health. This may be effective because organisations may comply. However, it may be burdensome on the part of the employer. It may lead to erosion of capital base of the orga nisation and that has the likely hood of hindering production. Awards to organisations which met the required health are another alternative. This may motivate organizations to have high safety standards. However, this may lead some organizations like National Social Security Association (NSSA) to lose. Another alternative is enhancement of inspectors which may be effective. However, it may be ineffective since inspectors may receive bribes. The last stage is to select the best or optimal option. This is what Simon calls choice activity. In this case the best option may be the notion of penal codes. Therefore, it is crucial for a decision maker to follow all the above stages as to complete the process of rational decision making. Strengths and significance It emphasizes the need to think critically through problems. It emphasises on the consequences of national decision making. It also emphasises values of fiscal planning and research. Hence rational model is very significant in providing solutions to encountered problems. Weaknesses Hebert Simon was aware of the limitations of rational model and he developed the idea of bounded rationality. He pointed out those human beings lacks cognitive to optimize. It is expensive and time consuming because of rigorous research and analysis. Decision makers are not always able to comprehend all possible information neither are they able to identify all applicable criteria, all alternatives and their possible consequences. There is no certainty about the future. The model invests in man`s predictive powers hence it remains a utopian. Decision makers are tempted to maximize personal goals than societal goals .For example, it is alleged that the land reform programme benefited the top state officials than the majority. It assumes that agreement can be reached yet reality in urban governance is that there are difficulties on interpersonal social goals. Problems cannot be dealt with in isolation, as the model assumes, because problems are always interconnected. Therefore rational model have its own constraints which then give birth to other models. SATISFICING DECISION MAKING MODEL Assumptions Following the observed problems with rational model Simon (1947) proposed his own model called the satisficing model. According to Online Dictionary â€Å"satisficing is a decision making strategy that aims for satisficing results rather than optimal solution â€Å"This is because optimal solution may necessitate needless expenditure, energy and resources. In reality optimizing model is unrealistic. Realistic model takes into account bounded rationality. When faced with problems, decision makers try to reduce the problem to the level that it can be readily understood but acting within the confines of bounded rationality. Decision makers do not struggle to find the best but stop when they find the first acceptable solution. A simple example is as follows. A task is to sew a patch into a pair of jeans which requires a four inch long with a three millimeter eye. This needle is hidden in a haystack along with thousand other needles varying from size .Satisficing model claims that the f irst needle to sew the patch is the one that should be used. The criteria are far from being exhaustive. In the process decision makers may resort to past solutions or those that have been tried elsewhere. Stages are similar with those of rational model. Therefore, satisficing model emphasizes on satisfying decisions rather than optimal ones. Strengths The theory is based on human capabilities hence it is more realistic than theoretical. The model is faster since there is no in depth study. When there is unlimited amount of information available, the model can be beneficial because it helps the decision maker to effectively and efficiently reach a conclusion. Also it is manageable. It is practical and sensitive to difficulties since it is based on satisficing.This raise the notion of s realistic administrative who is conditioned by organisational culture. Probably that’s why satisficing model is also called administrative model. An organisational man complies with the established rules and regulations and follows the established course of action. Thus man is intentionally rationalized and not naturally rational. Therefore, satisficing model is significant in decision making especially in that it overcomes some of the weaknesses of rational model. Demerits This model can be detrimental when used in the wrong way. For example when considering a medical issue such as diagnosis, it is not the best strategy to use. Another example is when the government is making fundamental decisions like policies concerning declaration of wars; it is not the best method to apply. Thus the model is not best where best decisions need to be made. INCREMENTAL DECISION MAKING MODEL Assumptions Following the observed shortcomings of rational model Lindblom severely criticized the rational model. In its place he substituted it with incremental model. It assumes that the status quo is the basic frame of reference, the focus is only short, only a narrow range of alternatives are considered. Decisions occur through an incremental process of successive limited comparisons. The crucial activities, problems, issues are most important and measurement of costs and benefits occurs informally. In this model the best decision is that which satisfies the demands of immediate situation. Examples include constitutional amendments, budgetary process, resource allocation and distribution. Therefore, incremental model is significant in decision making where emphasis is put on the preservation of status quo. Stages involved The model involves four stages which follow. The first stage is defining goal or objective. In incrementalism, goals and alternatives occur simultaneously. It requires a small set of alternatives to reduce complexity in decision making process. In stage two decision makers only consider a limited number of consequences for each alternative. At stage three problems confronting the decision maker are continually redefined. At stage four an agreement is reached on at least one good solution even if it is not the best possible solution. An example is as follows, status quo Operationâ€Å"Murambatsvina† which was aimed at cleaning the nation of Zimbabwe in 2005.However, it left some people homeless. The new objective may be to provide shelter for these homeless people. The new policy made on incremental bases is Operation â€Å"Garikai† which aimed at building homes for people. Unfortunately it is alleged that this policy was ineffective to some extent since only few people were served under this service because of corruption. Therefore the model has few stages to be followed. Strengths The model is realistic, practical and politically expedient since it is easy to agree on marginal modifications. The model seeks to avoid problems associated with rational model. Thus Lindblom (1947) describes his model as â€Å"The Science of Muddling through†. This model is the most feasible approach to systematic decision making when issues are complex, uncertain and riddled with conflict. It reduces conflicts which are normally associated with radical fundamental decisions. It acknowledges the constraints within which practical decision making takes place. For example it acknowledges that decision makers especially in the government do not usually have time, intelligence, capacity and the will to indulge in rational decision making on a day to day basis. It saves time and resources and acknowledges that problems are not distinct from each other hence interlinked. Hence incremental model is an effective and essential in decision making because of the above strengths. Demerits It is being accused of being conservative hence it is an obstacle to innovation. Booth(1978) cited in McGrew(1982:119) for instance, has described these factors in the machinery of local government in Britain which have inhabited the introduction of alternatives to residential use of strong, â€Å"rational † services against extensive supply of residential provision. Thus the model is incompatible in the making of fundamental decisions. It is not compatible in large scale policy. The model only works in stable conditions. It is accused of promoting short sightedness. Small incremental steps may lead to undesirable consequences. It is also criticise of lack of direction because of the notion of muddling through. Accordingly, incremental model also have its own weaknesses just like other models. MIXED SCANNING DECISION MAKING MODEL Assumptions This model is associated with Amitai Etzioni in 1976.The model takes rational approach and smaller set of decisions to be made incrementally. Thus the application of the model depends on the prevailing situation. The model emphasises scanning of a number of possibilities from which is generated selection of alternatives for action. It is more rational in practice to be selective and systematic about a limited number of feasible options and rationally to examine all the choices, Lee et al (1982:53).For instance, situations like declaration of wars calls for fundamental decisions. Therefore, mixed scanning is also a very significant model of decision making. Strengths It is developed as an adaptive strategy and practical approach to complex and uncertain situations. It reduces the unrealistic aspects of rationalism by limiting the details required in fundamental decisions. Contextualising rationalism helps to overcome the conservative slant of increamentalism by exploring long run alternatives. Hence, â€Å"each of the two elements in mixed scanning helps to reduce shortcomings of the other ,between incrementalism and rationalism† as noted by Etzioni (1969:390) cited in McGrew et al (1982:120).It permits taking advantage of both rational and incremental approaches in different situations. It permits adjustments of rapidly changing environment such as global concern namely security, poverty and diseases by providing flexibility necessary to adapt decision making to specific circumstance. It considers the capacity of decision maker. Ijeoma (2010:20) states that it is best in adverse cultural, political and religious beliefs as well as the economic and developmental inequalities that exist between developed and undeveloped countries. Therefore, one can note that mixed scanning model is essential and very beneficial since it is a combination of two models. Weaknesses It is not clear if the unrealistic and conservative shortcomings would actually be avoided. Specification of details is omitted so that an overview is feasible Therefore this approach seems to have few limitations as compared to other models. CONCLUSION In a nutshell, there are various approaches of decision making which can be applied in different situations. These include rational, satisficing, incremental and mixed scanning. Each model has its assumptions, strengths and weaknesses. None of these is the best, each model is best when applied in a right and appropriate situation. Thus the choice of approach to be used depends on the situation on the ground. It is crucial for decision makers to have the knowledge of where and when any of these models can be applied. Failure to do so may result in undesirable consequences. However, although these models are equally important, one may subjectively argue that rational comprehensive model is the best of them all because of its characteristics. NAME: ROSELINE T CHARUMBIRA REG NUMBER: R123982H DEGREE: POLITICAL SCIENCE COURSE AND COUSE : STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS CODEOF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (PA111) NAME OF LECTURER:MR ZVOUSHE NAME OF TEACHING : MR CHILUNJIKA ASSISTANCE TUTORIAL GROUP: WEDNESDAY 09:00 – 10:00 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 10-04-13 QUESTION : OUTLINE AND CRITICALLY DISSCUSS ANY FOUR MODELS OF DECISION MAKING IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. BIBLIOGRAPHY Barber ,M.P.1983. Public Administration.3rd edition. Britain: Macdonald and Evans Barons Accounting Dictionary. Ijeoma,E.O.2010.Africa`s New Public Policy: Imperatives for Globalisation and the National building in Nigeria. South Africa: Africa Institute of South Afric Lee,K.Mills,A.1982.Policy-Making and Planning in Health Sector. Britan: Croom Helm Ltd. McGrew ,A .G .Wilson ,M.J.1982.Decision Making: Approaches and Analysis. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Online Dictionary Web Definitions.Decision Making.Retrieved from http://www.answers.com/topic/decision making.accessed on 02/o4/13

The Role Of Follower As A Leader - 2019 Words

Leadership Scholarly Paper What is a leader and what is a follower? In any organized structure, business, or grouping these two key positions will be represented. Chaleff (2009) stated that if one looked up the subject of leadership they would be bombarded with numerous titles on the subject, but if one looked up the follower they would most likely only find the subject as it relates to leaders. The purpose of this paper is to identify the role of the follower as compared with a leader. This is followed by examine two types of interaction between leadership and followers. These interactions will be illustrated through clinical situations using staff nurses. Finally this paper will examine the power and responsible of a staff nurse as a follower without any official authority. Effective Follower Leader To understand the concept of an effective follower one must first examine the leader as it has much more information write about it. 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