Early western civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Early western civilization - Essay Example Moving north from the First Cataract, the Nile flows through a comparatively narrow valley. The lands along the banks are characterized by a series of natural basins (called hods), which have been altered by human engineering for the last 7,000 years. As one nears the Delta in the north, the floodplain widens and the basins become less distinct, until in the Delta itself the land is divided not into basins, but into islands and peninsulas formed by the alluvial deposits of soil over thousands of years. In very ancient times "Lower Egypt" began south of the Delta itself, including the broader floodplain from Memphis north. The most important historical-geographic feature of the Lower Nile, of course, is its annual flood, which following the summer rains in Ethiopia, bursts into Egypt in August and typically continues for two months, leaving both destruction and riches in its wake. The flood, although annual, is not uniform. When there is drought in the highlands to the south, the flood may be a comparative trickle. However, in years of abundant rainfall in the watershed, the flood can become a torrent, washing everything before it. It is now thought that early populations, which ventured into the valley of the Nile below the First Cataract, were more concerned to build dikes to protect themselves and their herds against this possibility of a destructive flood than to irrigate crops (Atkins 32; Parker, 7-8). The fact that cattle were important in early Egyptian history brings up another point about the environment in antiquity. In the earliest days of Egyptian development, there was no Sahara Desert. The lands that now form the Sahara enjoyed savanna, rather than desert environments. And as we have already seen, the Saharan peoples had been pioneers of cattle domestication. Until about 2300 BCE, that is well into Pharaonic times, the Lower Nile flowed through an area of rainfall, which supported thriving cattle herding societies. Not only cattle raising, but also fishing and agriculture have a long history in the Nile valley. The upper Nile, in what is now the country of Sudan, was one of the areas that developed fishing settlements during the long era of the African Aquatic Tradition. Since some of these Late Stone Age communities used grinding stones to process wild grains, which they harvested in the fertile alluvial plains, it seems likely that it was their descendants who became the first full time farmers in this part of Africa. Between 5000 BCE and 4000 BCE farming and cattle keeping replaced hunting and fishing as the main ways of life along the Nile. Of course, people continued to both hunt and fish, but they were becoming economically and socially dependent upon cattle raising and farming. Picture, if you can, what the Nile valley (of modern-day Egypt) must have been like in the 2,000 years between the early Neolithic and the beginning of the unified kingdom under the pharaoh Narmer/Menes in about 3,000 BCE. Had you traveled the region early in the period, your journey would have taken you along the higher ground of the valley, inland of the river itself, where encampments of cattle herders or small farming settlements would have hosted you. As you traveled the length of the area, both cultural and linguistic differences would have been apparent, with life centering

C. Inflation Factor Essay Example for Free

C. Inflation Factor Essay Global growth remains noticeably above the historical trend, while inflation and long-run interest rates are unusually low. Global headline inflation has picked up in response to higher oil prices, but core inflation has been little affected and inflationary expectations remain well grounded. This has raised questions as to whether low inflation reflects deflationary. pressures from other sources, notably globalization, or whether there is a danger that the inflationary impact has simply been postponed. The global inflation rate has declined from an annual average of close to 15 per cent in 1980-84 to 3. 8 per cent in 2005. The average inflation rate in the industrial economies fell from almost 9. 5 per cent between 1975 and 1979, and nearly 9 per cent in the early 1980s, to 2. 3 per cent in 2005 and is projected to decline further. In developing countries, the decline has been even steeper and more rapid. In the early 1990s, the average inflation rate in developing countries was around 80 per cent; that had declined to 5. 4 per cent by 2005. The IMF forecasts currently project a further drop, to below 5 percent by 2007 (Kruegar). Over the past two years, inflation in advanced and many emerging market economies has remained remarkably subdued despite a significant rise in commodity prices, strong growth, and a broadly accommodating monetary policy stance in the major currency areas. Some analysts have argued that low and stable inflation reflects more intense global competition, which prevents firms from raising prices and puts downward pressures on wages in many sectors. If so, and given that lower-cost producers in emerging markets and developing countries will continue to integrate into the global trading system, these forces are likely to ensure low inflation in the foreseeable future (World Economic Outlook, â€Å"inflation† 97). This dramatic fall in inflation rates in the recent years owes a great deal to significantly improved macroeconomic management. Monetary policy has become much more effective, helped by the spread of central bank independence and, in many cases, by inflation targeting. And as inflation has declined, and more countries have adopted fiscally prudent policies, growth has become more rapid and, equally important, more durable. In addition, the rapidly expanding role of Asia and, to a lesser extent, the countries of the former Soviet bloc as low-cost manufacturing centers have served to dampen price inflation in high-income countries, where many of these products are consumed (World Bank).

Automation Process in Online Shopping

Automation Process in Online Shopping 1. INTRODUCTION Online Shopping 1.1 About The Project This project is developed for the automation process of shopping throw online i.e through web. In marchant module adding the catogories,products,itemSales, giving orders, stock maintenace, creating invoice (bill) for orders, shipping of items order given by customer. creation, details, and other transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid invoice(amount),shipping invoice And all other transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, very big shops, or organizations. This project mainly contains 3 modules like Marchant module, Customer module, and invoice module. In customer module customers will give orders for items which are being available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and details are stored in data base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In case if the ordered items are not being shipped at a time then the pending order details will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant Module products are being maintained in category wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order given by the customer through online web status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by getting data from database. EXISTING SYSTEM In existing system every thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which are available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will take place. Existing System is manual, every thing we have to do manually displaying items Selecting items Billing process Shipping Problems in present system Could not synchronize the Outward information to shopping order details. No track of the complaints and replaced goods after ordering Order status is updated manually using Order Confirmation. Very high levels of effort for preparing invoices and dispatch related documents and routing them to relevant departments or locations and high levels of clerical activity on account of applicability of different customers and products. Increased levels of expectation from customers with respect to prompt delivery of items. Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in transit. Difficulties in handling customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches. Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence need to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high value orders or important customers), if required. Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading to high stock levels of damaged goods in the factory. Discrepancy between ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights. Insufficient checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits are not exceeded. Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is primarily on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction. Customers could communicate to the Sales people but no information is kept in track for future references. Marchant or Management couldnt not have any information regarding latest sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet applications. Marchant or Management requires the Quality information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt provide such facilities. The end user of this product is a departmental store where the application is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the following process. the customer details are appended to the customer database. The details of the items are brought forward from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu. Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction. 1. MODULE Marchant Module Marchant will enter into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, different different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete things And maintains everything by date wise. Enhancing stores update stores delete from stores Software and Hardware Requirements The following software and hardware are recommended for the company. Hardware Requirements: Processor : Pentium Speed : 233 MHz Monitor : samtron HardDisk : 4.2 GB RAM : 128 MB Software Requirements: Operating : SystemWindows NT Language : JAVA (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4 Backend : ORACLE 2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 2.1 Introduction 2.4 Advantages of the Proposed System Inter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails received from the customers as complaints and using them for appraisal and audit purpose purposes. Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making. Order indent-automation from the direct sales dept. Shop Inventory Database updates. Stock in shop information Communication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes. Application Portfolio It is recommended that the organization takes up the following four functional areas for automation Marchant department customer department Stores department Billing, shipping Information System The reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they directly address the problems enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one system acting as the feeder system for the other. System Architecture DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS: A data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. There is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting point for system design. To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below. Rectangle: The above symbol is used to define source or destination of data. Circle or Rounded Corners Rectangle: The above symbols are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data. 3.21 INTRODUCTION UML is a notation that resulted from the unification Of Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been designed for broad range of application. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities. An Overview of UML in five notations 1. use case diagrams Use cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysis To represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external point of view.The actor are Outside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system. 2. class diagrams Class diagrams to describe the structure of the system. Classes Are abstraction that specify the common structure and behaviour of a set Of objects. Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their associations. 3. Sequence diagrams Sequence diagrams are used to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the interaction that take place among these objects. 4. Statechart diagrams State chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a particular set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states. 5.Activity diagrams An activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow. Screens of online shopping 3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION PURPOSE The purpose of â€Å"Online Shopping† is to evaluate the performance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of â€Å"very big shops†. SCOPE This document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be made without the permission of the organization. PRODUCT FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW Online Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing strategy to be implemented depending on the performance of the various products. 3.1 Requirements In system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/client and works with him in order to find out what he specifically needs. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to dig in the problem of the client or the customer. System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of following things. Identify the customers need. Feasibility study. Analyzing the system technically and economically. Resource allocation. Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation. Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities. The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. User need identification and analysis are concerned with the user needs rather than what the customer wants. This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms. This package has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another motivating factor for the development of this package. The following requirements are identified. 3.1.1 Functional Requirements Customer Order Processing New order (Order no auto generated). View Products in category Status. Log User Complaints. Order Search and Processing Status. Internal Mail. Merchants Inventory Processing Category wise prod Details. Department Orders. Internal Mails. Management Information System Processing Adhoc Report. Internal Mails. Inter office Memos. 3.1.2 User Interfaces: A LOGIN form is presented with three fields to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user can perform the required activities. 3.2.2 Analysis Objects 1. Interface Objects: The interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for controlling access to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture. 2. Control Objects: Control objects provide services to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time; an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. Other times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model; an example might be charging someones credit card. 3. Entity Objects: Entity objects model those business objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. Some examples are Customer, product, and an order. Entity objects should be represented by entity beans in the implementation model. The Entity Objects: Customer Invoice Order Stock Product 3.3 INPUTS The following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Industries. 1. Goods Inward Note (GIN) The factory receives this document from the factory along with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and send back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis. 2. Goods received Confirmation On receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document. 3. Goods Returned Note This is prepared based on the information send by the direct customer or dealer on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger. 4. Order Company receives order from their direct customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be. 3.5 Outputs The following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops. 1. Invoice Once an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register. Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register. 2. Dispatch Instructions The invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepared from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip. This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders. 3. Weekly Stock Status Report This is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock of each product. The details are obtained from the stock book. This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report. 4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION 4.1 DATA DESIGN Data objects A data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent existence and can be uniquely identified. The following data objects are derived for the system. Customer Order Product Invoice category Relationships A relationship is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that relationship exists between clerk and customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type. The following relationships are identified for the system. For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified. Customer â€Å"places† an Order. Order â€Å"contains† Product. Product â€Å"dispatched to† Customer. The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows : Customer â€Å"receives† Invoice. Invoice â€Å"has† Product. E-R Diagram E-R Diagram as a method to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system. 4.2 Screens ONLINE SHOPPING SCREENS TESTING It is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. Testing is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance. 5.1 Testing strategy 5.1.1 Unit Testing: This testing method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than getting into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module. 5.1.2 Integration testing: Here all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the larger system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in synchronous with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are running perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos. 5.1.3 Validation testing: Testing is a major quality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been detected by design. In a non-incremental integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected. Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing. 5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing) Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control hierarchy beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth First manner or in a Depth First manner. This process is done in five steps: Main control module is used as a test driver and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program. Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules. Tests are conducted. On completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced. This process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at upper levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential. If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated. Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure. BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTING Begins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated. The following steps implement this strategy: Low-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function. A driver is written to coordinate test case input and output. Cluster is tested. Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters. Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified. REGRESSION TESTING Each time a new module is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended behavior as additional errors. Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for subsequent playback tools enables the software engineer to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases. 6. CONFIGURATION 7. FEATURES USED 7.1 About J2EE (Javaâ„ ¢ 2 Platform Enterprise Edition, v1.3) Today, more and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the enterprise and leverage the speed, security, and reliability of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding world of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before. To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Javaâ„ ¢2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EEâ„ ¢) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not tied to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements. Distributed Multitier Applications The J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model for both enterprise applications. Application logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application parts shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components. Client-tier components run on the client machine. Web-tier components run on the J2EE server. Business-tier components run on the J2EE server. Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server. Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations: client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage. J2EE Architecture The required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this figure shows the logical relationships of the elements; it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual machines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java Messaging Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. All these services are explained below. The arrows represent required access to other parts of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for connectivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the Web Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environments for each type of application component. J2EE Architecture Diagram J2EE Components J2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components: Application clients and applets are components that run on the client. Java Servlet and JavaServer Pagesâ„ ¢ (JSPâ„ ¢) technology components are Web components that run on the server. Enterprise JavaBeansâ„ ¢ (EJBâ„ ¢) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server. J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and â€Å"standard† Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server. J2EE Clients A J2EE client can be a Web client or an application client. Web Clients A Web client consists of two parts: dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server. A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin clients usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies. Applets A Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual machine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and possibly a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser. Web components are the preferred API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleaner and more modular application design because they provide a way to separate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs. Application Clients A J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible. Application clients directly access enterprise beans running in the Automation Process in Online Shopping Automation Process in Online Shopping 1. INTRODUCTION Online Shopping 1.1 About The Project This project is developed for the automation process of shopping throw online i.e through web. In marchant module adding the catogories,products,itemSales, giving orders, stock maintenace, creating invoice (bill) for orders, shipping of items order given by customer. creation, details, and other transactions like automatic increment,decrement of stock, paid invoice(amount),shipping invoice And all other transactions for large scale whole sale or retail sales, very big shops, or organizations. This project mainly contains 3 modules like Marchant module, Customer module, and invoice module. In customer module customers will give orders for items which are being available in that shop. In our project that order is processed and details are stored in data base. In invoice module total bill for ordered items will be created. In case if the ordered items are not being shipped at a time then the pending order details will be processed and the bill for the pending order will be created. In Marchant Module products are being maintained in category wise and product wise, item wise and up to date stock will be maintained in computerized manner. And up to date order given by the customer through online web status will be shown with help of dynamic web pages by getting data from database. EXISTING SYSTEM In existing system every thing is manual like customer will go to shop manually and he/she selects items which are available in shop and the marchant will calculate the bill for products selected by the customer and then shipping process will take place. Existing System is manual, every thing we have to do manually displaying items Selecting items Billing process Shipping Problems in present system Could not synchronize the Outward information to shopping order details. No track of the complaints and replaced goods after ordering Order status is updated manually using Order Confirmation. Very high levels of effort for preparing invoices and dispatch related documents and routing them to relevant departments or locations and high levels of clerical activity on account of applicability of different customers and products. Increased levels of expectation from customers with respect to prompt delivery of items. Inability to accurately judge changing patterns of fast and slow moving items on account of large volumes of data, and inability to track goods in transit. Difficulties in handling customer queries pertaining to consignments in-transit and partial dispatches. Important orders not discriminated from others since all orders since all orders were processed on a FIFO basis-hence need to be able to prioritize and process orders on a preferential basis (for high value orders or important customers), if required. Increase in frequency of goods returned on account of damage leading to high stock levels of damaged goods in the factory. Discrepancy between ordered and invoiced quantities on account of either partial availability of stocks or clerical oversights. Insufficient checks in the current system for ensuring customer credit limits are not exceeded. Sales data not analyzed properly to streamline production volumes. This is primarily on account of varying sales patterns across the year and high volumes of transaction. Customers could communicate to the Sales people but no information is kept in track for future references. Marchant or Management couldnt not have any information regarding latest sales reports unless requested and taken it for Spreadsheet applications. Marchant or Management requires the Quality information updates against the complaints and quality measures and metrics, which the current system couldnt provide such facilities. The end user of this product is a departmental store where the application is hosted on the web and administrator maintains database.This application which is deployed at the departmental store will automate the following process. the customer details are appended to the customer database. The details of the items are brought forward from the database for customers view based on the selection through the menu. Database of all the products are products are updated at the end of the each transaction. 1. MODULE Marchant Module Marchant will enter into the next form by entering username,password in this login page,after entering into next page marchant will add new products, categories, different different items what are all the items available in that store,and if he wants he will modify the things,he will delete things And maintains everything by date wise. Enhancing stores update stores delete from stores Software and Hardware Requirements The following software and hardware are recommended for the company. Hardware Requirements: Processor : Pentium Speed : 233 MHz Monitor : samtron HardDisk : 4.2 GB RAM : 128 MB Software Requirements: Operating : SystemWindows NT Language : JAVA (JSP, JDBC).JDK 1.4 Backend : ORACLE 2.0 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 2.1 Introduction 2.4 Advantages of the Proposed System Inter-Department Communication using Intranet Mailing Services (emails)Tracking the mails received from the customers as complaints and using them for appraisal and audit purpose purposes. Customized and adhoc reports for the MIS for decision-making. Order indent-automation from the direct sales dept. Shop Inventory Database updates. Stock in shop information Communication with the customers regarding the orders and complaints and tracking them for the future purposes. Application Portfolio It is recommended that the organization takes up the following four functional areas for automation Marchant department customer department Stores department Billing, shipping Information System The reasons for selecting the above are that firstly they directly address the problems enumerated. Secondly, together they forma cohesive set of well-integrated application with one system acting as the feeder system for the other. System Architecture DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS: A data flow diagram is a logical model of a system. The model does not depend on hardware, software and data structures of the organization. There is no physical implication in a data flow diagram. Because the diagram is a graphic picture of the logical system, it tends to be easy for every non-technical user to understand and thus serves as an excellent communication tool. Finally a data flow diagram is a good starting point for system design. To construct a data flow diagram it uses four basic symbols. They are given below. Rectangle: The above symbol is used to define source or destination of data. Circle or Rounded Corners Rectangle: The above symbols are defined to represent a process that transforms or modifies the data. 3.21 INTRODUCTION UML is a notation that resulted from the unification Of Object Modeling Technique and Object Oriented Software Technology .UML has been designed for broad range of application. Hence, it provides constructs for a broad range of systems and activities. An Overview of UML in five notations 1. use case diagrams Use cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysis To represent the functionality of the system.Use cases focus on the behaviour of the system from the external point of view.The actor are Outside the boundary of the system,whereas the use cases are inside the boundary of the system. 2. class diagrams Class diagrams to describe the structure of the system. Classes Are abstraction that specify the common structure and behaviour of a set Of objects. Class diagrams describe the system in terms of objects, classes, attributes, operations and their associations. 3. Sequence diagrams Sequence diagrams are used to formalize the behaviour of the system and to visualize the communication among objects. They are useful for identifying additional objects that participate in the use cases. A Sequence diagram represents the interaction that take place among these objects. 4. Statechart diagrams State chart diagrams describe the behaviour of an individual object as a number of states and transitions between these states. A state represents a particular set of values for an object. The sequence diagram focuses on the messages exchanged between objects, the state chart diagrams focuses on the transition between states. 5.Activity diagrams An activity diagram describes a system in terms of activities. Activities are states that represents the execution of a set of operations. Activity diagrams are similar to flowchart diagram and data flow. Screens of online shopping 3. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION PURPOSE The purpose of â€Å"Online Shopping† is to evaluate the performance of the various products, maintain stock details, product details, and customer details of â€Å"very big shops†. SCOPE This document is meant for the use of the organization and also will be the basis for clarifications. Alterations will not be made without the permission of the organization. PRODUCT FUNCTIONS OVERVIEW Online Shopping is mainly designed for the big shops to automate the maintenance of stock, maintaining customer details, manipulating product details and maintaining the payment details. It also promotes in monitoring the marketing strategy to be implemented depending on the performance of the various products. 3.1 Requirements In system analysis the developer interacts with the customer/client and works with him in order to find out what he specifically needs. Later he sees the past system, which is in use, and tries to find out what is lacking in that system. This examination of past system is not mandatory. That helps the developer to dig in the problem of the client or the customer. System Analysis is the study of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and using the recommended improvements to the system. Analysis specifies what the system should do whereas design states how to accomplish the objective. System Analysis is comprised of following things. Identify the customers need. Feasibility study. Analyzing the system technically and economically. Resource allocation. Cost Estimations and Work schedule preparation. Defining the system, which forms the base of the following activities. The success of a system depends largely on how accurately a problem is defined, thoroughly investigated and properly carried out through the choice of solution. User need identification and analysis are concerned with the user needs rather than what the customer wants. This step is intended to help the user and the analyst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms. This package has been developed in order to overcome the difficulties encountered while using the manual system. Faster and timely generation of reports is another motivating factor for the development of this package. The following requirements are identified. 3.1.1 Functional Requirements Customer Order Processing New order (Order no auto generated). View Products in category Status. Log User Complaints. Order Search and Processing Status. Internal Mail. Merchants Inventory Processing Category wise prod Details. Department Orders. Internal Mails. Management Information System Processing Adhoc Report. Internal Mails. Inter office Memos. 3.1.2 User Interfaces: A LOGIN form is presented with three fields to be entered. When the Login button is pressed, based on the empid, department values in the login form, database the respective form gets displayed. After that the user can perform the required activities. 3.2.2 Analysis Objects 1. Interface Objects: The interface object (also known as Boundary Object) is responsible for controlling access to the Enterprise Java Beans tier from any client. This includes other server-side components, such as Servlets and Jsp pages.An excellent example of interface object is the controller servlets for the web applications MVC architecture. 2. Control Objects: Control objects provide services to the application. They model functionality that is not naturally associated with a particular entity or interface. Often, this is because more than one entity needs to be operated on at one time; an example might be determining if there is sufficient inventory to manufacture a product. Other times, it may be because a relevant entity was not identified in the model; an example might be charging someones credit card. 3. Entity Objects: Entity objects model those business objects that should maintain their state after the use case completes. Typically, this means that they represent data from the database. Some examples are Customer, product, and an order. Entity objects should be represented by entity beans in the implementation model. The Entity Objects: Customer Invoice Order Stock Product 3.3 INPUTS The following inputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Industries. 1. Goods Inward Note (GIN) The factory receives this document from the factory along with the finished goods. It consists of the details of items received .The warehouse in charge is supposed to physically verify the stock received against this document. Discrepancies are to be noted on the GIN and send back to the factory. It is use to enter details into the Goods inward register. It is also used to update stock book on weekly basis. 2. Goods received Confirmation On receiving the goods the customer is supposed to send a letter or telephonically in form the receipt of the consignment. Having got this information, the relevant invoice from the in transit file is to be removed and destroyed is fixed format for this document. 3. Goods Returned Note This is prepared based on the information send by the direct customer or dealer on goods that have been damaged in transit. It contains the details of the damaged goods. A copy of this is sent to the order-processing department, anther copy to the quality control department and third is field in the GRN file. The GRN details are entered into the damaged goods ledger. 4. Order Company receives order from their direct customer and detailers. The dealers fill in the details on Flowells order form itself. The orders from the direct customers are transcribed on the regular format. Orders can be sent by one warehouse to another. They are used for checking the availability of the stock. They are serialized and then filled. In is used to check the availability of the required stock in stock book and the goods inward register. The order could be serviced completely, partially or pending as the case may be. 3.5 Outputs The following outputs are collected for proposed system during the requirements specification from the Shops. 1. Invoice Once an order (either direct customer order or the dealer order) gets serviced partially or fully, an invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the order itself .An order may have multiple invoices. The discount for special customers is worked out. The rate is got form the product rate file. A copy of the invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-transit file, invoice file. The invoice details are entered into the issue register. Once supplementary gets service partially or fully nil valued supplementary invoice for the same needs to be prepared. Most of the details are picked up from the supplementary order itself. A copy of the supplementary invoice is sent to the direct customer, dealer, in-tansit file, and supplementary invoice file. The supplementary invoice details are entered into the issue register. 2. Dispatch Instructions The invoice department picks up dispatch instructions for the invoices that are prepared from the order form. This they send to the dispatch department. They prepare a packing slip. This is a regular report being prepared, consisting of order that are pending as of a particular date. The details for this report are taken from the pending orders. 3. Weekly Stock Status Report This is another weekly report prepared giving the details of the stock of each product. The details are obtained from the stock book. This report is prepared on adhoc basis. Whenever the actual stock is compared with book stock, and discrepancies found, they are entered product wise in this report. 4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION 4.1 DATA DESIGN Data objects A data object is a thing about which you want to store information. It has independent existence and can be uniquely identified. The following data objects are derived for the system. Customer Order Product Invoice category Relationships A relationship is a named association between agent and customer entity or more than entities we say that relationship exists between clerk and customer entity type. Similarly a relation between a clerk entity type and a manager entity type. The following relationships are identified for the system. For instance let us take the objects CUSTOMER, CATEGORY,PRODUCT, ORDER ,BILL the following relationships are identified. Customer â€Å"places† an Order. Order â€Å"contains† Product. Product â€Å"dispatched to† Customer. The relationships between the remaining entities are as follows : Customer â€Å"receives† Invoice. Invoice â€Å"has† Product. E-R Diagram E-R Diagram as a method to represent a Data model and was developed by Chen (1976). The main focus of a Data Model is to identify the required data and show it diagrammatically, which is called Entity Relationship Diagram. Its popularly is attributed to its simplicity. It has a top-down design approach to decide the minimum data that we would like to store for a given information system. 4.2 Screens ONLINE SHOPPING SCREENS TESTING It is a process of establishing confidence that a program or system does what it is proposed of. Testing is the only way to assure the quality of software and it is an umbrella activity rather than a separate phase. This is an activity to be performed in parallel with the software effort and one that consists of its own phases of analysis, design, implementation, execution and maintenance. 5.1 Testing strategy 5.1.1 Unit Testing: This testing method considers a module as single unit and checks the unit at interfaces and communicates with other modules rather than getting into details at statement level. Here the module will be treated as a black box, which will take some inputs and generate output. Outputs for a given set of input combination are pre-calculated and are generated by the module. 5.1.2 Integration testing: Here all the pre-tested individual modules will be assembled to create the larger system and tests are carried out at system level to make sure that all modules are working in synchronous with each other. This testing methodology helps in making sure that all modules which are running perfectly when checked individually and are also running cohesion with other modules. For this testing we create test cases to check all modules once and then generated test combinations of test paths through out the system to make sure that no path is making its way into chaos. 5.1.3 Validation testing: Testing is a major quality control measure employed during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors. Sub functions when combined may not produce than it is desired. Global data structures can represent the problems. Integrated testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program structure while conducting the tests. To uncover errors that are associated with interfacing the objective is to make test modules and built a program structure that has been detected by design. In a non-incremental integration all the modules are combined in advance and the program is tested as a whole. Here errors will appear in an endless loop function. In incremental testing the program is constructed and tested in small segments where the errors are isolated and corrected. Different incremental integration strategies are top-down integration, bottom-up integration, regression testing. 5.1.4 High-order testing (a.k.a. System Testing) Modules are integrated by moving downwards through the control hierarchy beginning with main program. The subordinate modules are incorporated into structure in either a Breadth First manner or in a Depth First manner. This process is done in five steps: Main control module is used as a test driver and steps are submitted are all modules directly to main program. Depending on the integration approach selected subordinate is replaced at a time with actual modules. Tests are conducted. On completion of each set of tests another stub is replaced with the real module. Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced. This process continues from step 2 until entire program structure is reached. In top down integration strategy decision making occurs at upper levels in the hierarchy and is encountered first. If major control problems do exists early recognitions is essential. If Depth First integration is selected a complete function of the software may be implemented and demonstrated. Some problems occur when processing at low levels in hierarchy is required to adequately test upper level steps to replace low-level modules at the beginning of the top-down testing. So no data flows upwards in the program structure. BOTTOM-UP INTEGRATION TESTING Begins construction and testing with automatic modules. As modules are integrated from the bottom-up, processing requirement for modules subordinate to a given level is always available and need for stubs is eliminated. The following steps implement this strategy: Low-level modules are combined in to clusters that perform a specific software sub function. A driver is written to coordinate test case input and output. Cluster is tested. Drivers are removed and moving upward in program structure combines clusters. Integration moves upward, the need for separate test drovers lesions. If the top-levels of the program are integrated top-down, the number of drivers can be reduced substantially and integration of clusters is greatly simplified. REGRESSION TESTING Each time a new module is added as a part of integration as the software changes. Regression testing is an actually that helps to ensure changes that do not introduce unintended behavior as additional errors. Regression testing may be conducted manually by executing a subset of all test cases and results for subsequent playback tools enables the software engineer to capture the test case and results for subsequent playback and compression. The regression suit contains different classes of test cases. 6. CONFIGURATION 7. FEATURES USED 7.1 About J2EE (Javaâ„ ¢ 2 Platform Enterprise Edition, v1.3) Today, more and more developers want to write distributed transactional applications for the enterprise and leverage the speed, security, and reliability of server-side technology. If you are already working in this area, you know that in todays fast-moving and demanding world of e-commerce and information technology, enterprise applications have to be designed, built, and produced for less money, with greater speed, and with fewer resources than ever before. To reduce costs and fast-track enterprise application design and development, the Javaâ„ ¢2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EEâ„ ¢) technology provides a component-based approach to the design, development, assembly, and deployment of enterprise applications. The J2EE platform offers a multitiered distributed application model, the ability to reuse components, integrated Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data interchange, a unified security model, and flexible transaction control. Not only can you deliver innovative customer solutions to market faster than ever, but your platform-independent J2EE component-based solutions are not tied to the products and application programming interfaces (APIs) of any one vendor. Vendors and customers enjoy the freedom to choose the products and components that best meet their business and technological requirements. Distributed Multitier Applications The J2EE platform uses a multitier distributed application model for both enterprise applications. Application logic is divided into components according to function, and the various application components that make up a J2EE application are installed on different machines depending on the tier in the multitier J2EE environment to which the application component belongs. The following Figure shows two multitier J2EE applications divided into the tiers described in the following list. The J2EE application parts shown in the Figure are presented in J2EE Components. Client-tier components run on the client machine. Web-tier components run on the J2EE server. Business-tier components run on the J2EE server. Enterprise information system (EIS)-tier software runs on the EIS server. Although a J2EE application can consist of the three or four tiers shown in Figure, J2EE multitiered applications are generally considered to be threetiered applications because they are distributed over three different locations: client machines, the J2EE server machine, and the database or legacy machines at the back end. Three-tiered applications that run in this way extend the standard two-tiered client and server model by placing a multithreaded application server between the client application and back-end storage. J2EE Architecture The required relationships of architectural elements of the J2EE platform are shown in Figure. Note that this figure shows the logical relationships of the elements; it is not meant to imply a physical partitioning of the elements into separate machines, processes, address spaces, or virtual machines.The Containers, denoted by the separate rectangles,are J2EE runtime environments that provide required services to the application components represented in the upper half of the rectangle. The services provided are denoted by the boxes in the lower half of the rectangle. For example, the Application Client Container provides Java Messaging Service (JMS) APIs to Application Clients, as well as the other services represented. All these services are explained below. The arrows represent required access to other parts of the J2EE platform. The Application Client Container provides Application Clients with direct access to the J2EE required Database through the Java API for connectivity with database systems, the JDBCTM API. Similar access to databases is provided to JSP pages and servlets by the Web Container, and to enterprise beans by the EJB Container. As indicated the APIs of the JavaTM 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SETM), are supported by J2SE runtime environments for each type of application component. J2EE Architecture Diagram J2EE Components J2EE applications are made up of components. A J2EE component is a self-contained functional software unit that is assembled into a J2EE application with its related classes and files and that communicates with other components. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components: Application clients and applets are components that run on the client. Java Servlet and JavaServer Pagesâ„ ¢ (JSPâ„ ¢) technology components are Web components that run on the server. Enterprise JavaBeansâ„ ¢ (EJBâ„ ¢) components (enterprise beans) are business Components that run on the server. J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and â€Å"standard† Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server. J2EE Clients A J2EE client can be a Web client or an application client. Web Clients A Web client consists of two parts: dynamic Web pages containing various types of markup language (HTML, XML, and so on), which are generated by Web components running in the Web tier, and a Web browser, which renders the pages received from the server. A Web client is sometimes called a thin client. Thin clients usually do not do things like query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. When you use a thin client, heavyweight operations like these are off-loaded to enterprise beans executing on the J2EE server where they can leverage the security, speed, services, and reliability of J2EE server-side technologies. Applets A Web page received from the Web tier can include an embedded applet. An applet is a small client application written in the Java programming language that executes in the Java virtual machine installed in the Web browser. However, client systems will likely need the Java Plug-in and possibly a security policy file in order for the applet to successfully execute in the Web browser. Web components are the preferred API for creating a Web client program because no plug-ins or security policy files are needed on the client systems. Also, Web components enable cleaner and more modular application design because they provide a way to separate applications programming from Web page design. Personnel involved in Web page design thus do not need to understand Java programming language syntax to do their jobs. Application Clients A J2EE application client runs on a client machine and provides a way for users to handle tasks that require a richer user interface than can be provided by a markup language. It typically has a graphical user interface (GUI) created from Swing or Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) APIs, but a command-line interface is certainly possible. Application clients directly access enterprise beans running in the

Alarm Fatigue and its Effects on Quality Patient Care Essay example --

Hospitalized patients are often hooked up to monitoring devices such as heart monitors, which monitor the electric activity of the heart, or connected to a physiological monitor so their vital signs are constantly being measured. These monitors are intended to continuously assess the patients’ status, and alarm if the patients’ status drops below what is considered normal. The increased use of monitoring devices has created a new phenomenon known as alarm fatigue. According to the ECRI institute (2011), â€Å"alarm fatigue occurs when the sheer number of alarms overwhelms staff and they become desensitized to the alarms resulting in delayed alarm response and missed alarms-often resulting in patient harm or even death.† Alarm fatigue has become a major problem within the nursing community and has already had a negative impact on patient safety. Due to the adverse effects alarm fatigue is having on quality patient care, there has been a call to action to find s olutions that may deter alarm fatigue. Evidence-based practices involving quality improvement initiatives have been put into effect. The problem has also gained national attention from such institutions as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and The Joint Commission (TJC). Relevance to the Profession of Nursing According to the Registered Nurse (RN) Scope of Practice Position Statement, â€Å"the RN is responsible for providing safe, compassionate, and comprehensive nursing care to patients and their families with complex healthcare needs† (Texas Board of Nursing, 2011). Nurses often care for five to six patients at one time; therefore, in order to provide the best quality care, patients are often connected to monitoring devices such as, physiological monitors, venti... ...ientSafetyOrganization/Documents/PSO_Monthly_ Brief/ECRI%20Institute%20PSO%20Monthly%20Brief%20v1.pdf Graham, C. K., Cvach, M. (2010). Monitor alarm fatigue: Standardizing use of physiological monitors and decreasing nuisance alarms. American Journal of Critical Care, 19, 28-34. doi: 10.4037/ajcc201651 The American Nurses Association. (2010). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive statements. Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/ MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of- ethics.pdf The Texas Board of Nursing. (2011). The Registered Nurse Scope of Practice. Retrieved April 2, 2012 from http://www.bon.texas.gov/practice/pdfs/ Position15-27.pdf Wallis, L. (2010). Alarm Fatigue Linked to Patients Death. American Journal of Nursing, 110 (7), 16. doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000383917.98063.bd

Discuss the Major Outcomes of Financial Intermediation Essay

Financial Intermediation is referred to as an institution that acts as a ‘middleman’ per say between investors and firms raising funds (also known as financial institutions). These are firms such as chartered banks, insurance companies, investment dealers and pension funds. Matthews and Thompson (2008) pp.35–36 show that financial intermediaries can be established by four qualities: †¢ Their main category of liabilities (deposits) are specified for a fixed sum which is not related to the performance of a portfolio †¢ The deposits are typically short-term and of a much shorter term than their assets †¢ A high proportion of their liabilities are chequeable (can be withdrawn on demand) †¢ Their liabilities and assets are largely not transferable. There are exceptions such as certificates of deposit and securitisation (see Chapter 6 of this subject guide). Financial Intermediaries have a huge effect on the economy. Without such institutions firms may be unable to fund their day-to-day business activities which will put a lot of pressure on these said activities and may reduce production as a whole. If this happens it will have negative effects on the economy and may lead to a recession (depending on how big the firm is). An example of this can be taken from the beginning of the recession we have recently experienced which began in roughly 2007 ‘Credit Crunch’. The financial intermediaries in this case banks, were accepting most mortgage applications without thoroughly checking that the consumer could re-pay the funds. This act led to a huge negative outcome. It is important to distinguish between banks as financial intermediaries (who accept deposits and make loans directly to borrowers) and non-bank financial intermediaries who lend via the purchase of securities. The latter category includes insurance companies, pension funds and investment trusts who purchase securities, thus providing capital indirectly rather than making loans The passing of bad loans to individuals that are unable to pay will lead to damaging outcomes for the economy. If there is a substantial loan an individual has to pay off and their interest rate is ridiculously high, it will cause them to stop spending, leading to falls in other aspects of the market. On the other hand, financial intermediaries provide loans more freely than any other direct finance and they also provide a means to fund large operations of which a potential upcoming firm cannot fund from its personal capital. The dominance over direct finance is due to transaction costs (Benston and Smith, 1976), liquidity insurance (Diamond and Dybvig, 1983)and information sharing. As the transaction costs are likely to be less via such intermediaries they are a preffered financing method. Actions of financial intermediaries can have both positive and negative outcomes on the economy as they play a major role in the funding of all businesses. Without such intermediations the GDP of, say, the United Kingdom would decrease significantly as production would be reduced due to the lack of finances. References Financial Intermediation: NewYorkFed (Unknown) Hedge Funds, Financial Intermediation, and Systemic Ris, [Online] newyorkfed Available http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/epr/07v13n3/0712kamb.pdf Bhattacharya, S. and A.V. Thakor ‘Contemporary banking theory’, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 3(1) 1993, pp.2–50; Sections 1, 2, and 7 Diamond, D.W. ‘Financial intermediation as delegated monitoring: A simple example’, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly, 82(3) 1996, pp.51–66 Saunders and Cornett (2006) Chapter 1, pp.2–10, 15–21 Matthews and Thompson (2008) Chapter 3

Stock and Company Essays

Stock and Company Essays Stock and Company Essay Stock and Company Essay Stock Valuation at Ragan, Inc Nautilus Marine Enginees negative EPS wer the result of an accouting write off last year. Without the write-off, EPS for the company would have been 1. 97. Last year, Ragan had an EPS of 5. 08 and paid a dividend to Carrington and Genevieve of 320,000 each. The company also had a return on equity of 25 percent. Larissa tells Dan that required return for Ragan of 20 percent is appropriate. 1 . Assuming the company continues its current growth rate, what is the value per share of the companys stock? Solution: The total dividend paid by the company was $640,000. Since there are 150,000 shares utstanding, The total earnings for the company were: Total earnings = = $762,000 This means the payout ratio was: payout ratio = = 0. 84 So, the retention ratio was: Retention ratio = 1 . 84 = 0. 16 Using the retention ratio, the companys growth rate is: ROE b = . 04 or Now we can value the company using the entire dividend payment. The total value of the companys equity under these assumptions is: Total equity value = Dl / (R g) Total equity value = / (. 20 . 04) Total equity value = So, the value per share is: value per share = / 150,000 Value per share = $27. 73 Total equity value = $4,160,000

Verbless Sentences

Verbless Sentences Verbless Sentences Verbless Sentences By Ali Hale One of the basic grammatical rules in English is that every sentence should contain a verb. Some of Daily Writing Tips’s readers may have had sentences underlined in red at school if they weren’t a â€Å"proper sentence† – and I’m sure many of you (especially fiction writers) have had Microsoft Word squiggle a green line under a sentence saying â€Å"Fragment (consider revising).† But there are times when you may want to use verbless sentences for effect, and I would argue that in all except very formal types of writing (such as reports at work and student essays), this is entirely appropriate. Verbless sentences in fiction Fiction writers, in particular, should not be afraid of experimenting with verbless sentences – many famous authors use them to great effect. Grammatical rules tend to be relaxed in fiction (especially, though not exclusively, in dialogue) so if your style lends itself towards writing choppy or stark verbless sentences, give it a try. These are the opening sentences to several paragraphs in Chapter Two of Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale.) A chair, a table, a lamp. †¦ A window, two white curtains †¦ A bed. †¦ Verbless sentences in blogging Another medium where verbless sentences are often entirely appropriate is in blogging. Most blogs are informal and conversational, written like a friendly letter to the reader. Just as novelists do, bloggers can use verbless sentences for effect – often grabbing the readers’ attention. The online form also means that short, snappy sentences are most likely to engage a reader – and leaving out verbs can accomplish this. Here’s an example from the Men with Pens (the last sentence is verbless): He thought I was joking. â€Å"Dude. They’re seriously not sold in pairs. Who just uses one?† â€Å"Jeez. They obviously employ geniuses in their marketing department.† Or crooks. Verbless sentences in opinion articles Even if you’re writing for a traditional publication – perhaps a newspaper or a magazine – you might be able to get away with using the occasional verbless sentence. Opinion pieces, in particular, tend to be popular due to the writer’s unique style – and this may involve a blog-like chatty tone. Here’s an example from Robert Crampton, who writes the popular Beta Male column in the UK national newspaper The Times. The cash haemorrhage continues. A raffle. Another raffle. A fiver on the final score. A fiver on the first scorer. A fiver on the last scorer. If you take care to make sure each of your sentences is a â€Å"proper† one, then give yourself permission to experiment today. In the next piece of fiction you write, or the next article for a blog or magazine, try using a few verbless sentences. If you’re not sure how to do this, here’s a few examples: She asked, â€Å"Have you done the laundry yet?† Fat chance, I thought. She asked, â€Å"Have you done the laundry yet?† Fat chance. I went through the mental check list again: lunch boxes, water bottles, swimming towels, keys, change†¦ Lunch boxes. Water bottles. Swimming towels. Keys. Change†¦ Danny rides his bike up to the shore, and stares out at the waves. They’re crashing close. The tide’s coming in. Danny rides his bike up to the shore, and stares out at the waves. Crashing. Close. The tide’s coming in. Let us know how you get on! And if you’re a stickler for putting a verb in every sentence, and think this rule shouldn’t be broken, please do add your thoughts in the comments. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of Infinitives"Have" vs "Having" in Certain ExpressionsThrew and Through

Androstendione essays

Androstendione essays Androstenedione is one of the leading supplements in body building nutrition. Many serious bodybuilders use androstenedione to further help increase their lean muscle size and strength. Androstenedione helps the body build lean mass through the extra supplementation of testosterone. This drug has helped many accomplish what they are looking for but at a price. Androstenedione is also one of the most controversial supplements on the market. It has many side effects and is even been said to cause cancer. Many people do not know the true chemistry behind this drug that makes it all work. Androstenedione is produced in the body from either 17-a-hydroxyprogesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). It is also found in meat and in the pollen of the Scotch Pine Tree. Since this natural testosterone precursor occurs naturally in plants and in the human body, it falls within the classification of a dietary supplement under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). Androstenediones chemical name is 4-androstene 3, 17-dione. It is naturally produced in the adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes and can be converted directly by the liver into testosterone. This chart shows a little more information concerning the true chemistry behind this product. Characteristics: White Crystalline powder As you can see, androstenedione is very similar to that of pure testosterone. This is how it can be so functional because it just increases a chemical that is already in the body. The pictures on the following page also display some additional information regarding the molecular structures of testosterone, androstenedione and other related chemicals. Androstenedione is the most controversial sports supplement there is. This supplement may do a lot of good for most people but they do not tru ...

Writing the Self in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Writing the Self in China - Essay Example My girlfriend is a very sensitive person. In her receiving advice from others on how to overcome problems having to do with our relationship, this gave her a sense of security which she did not previously have. The expression through the blog spot gave her the awareness of an active voice. This awareness of an active voice gave her the sensations which are similar to having an audience in front of her. This allowed my girlfriend to express all of the feelings which she had not previously expressed. As I was spending the year in Guangzhou, I had the experience of writing about the self as the self relates to emotion and individuality. It was a relief to be able to write freely about emotion and individuality in a China which evolved from the 1989 social movement of post socialist China (Wang 2006 p 5). When we visited a tea house in Guangzhou, my girlfriend told me that she was creating a web blog. This was in order to seek advice from strangers about how to overcome the problems that we had been having in our relationship. As a result of our discussion, I browsed the internet and discovered that aside from my girlfriends blog about her personal life, many Chinese people were also engaging in the same activities. These activities consisted of posting messages on blogs with regards to various issues that they were experiencing in their relationships with their partners. These Chinese people were seeking advice on relationship issues from others who they were not well acquainted with. My girlfriends web blog demonstrated the complexity of interpersonal relationships of post- socialist China. Freedom of speech and freedom of the press were now commonplace, part of a new Chinese neo-liberalism (Wang 2006 p 103). Neoliberalism cannot be viewed as an ideology. It can be expressed as an established set of behaviors which motivate individualism, autonomy and self expression

Performance Management and Job Evaluation Essay

Performance Management and Job Evaluation - Essay Example (Ivancevich, 2006) There are a number of methods of job evaluation; such as Job Ranking, Job Classification, Point Method and Factor Comparison method. In this paper, the point method would be employed for the comparison of the given jobs. The said method is chosen because, this is a quantitative measure, and thus the elements of subjectivity are removed. This can be applied to a wide range of jobs. Moreover, this can be applied for the newly created jobs equally well. However, there are certain limitations in this method too, thus it is assumed that the pays are accurately assigned for each job and there were no biases while assigning the pay for each factor. (Armstrong and Barron, 2004) Following are the steps followed to determine the relative worth of the product, followed by respective rationales. In this method, a set of the factor are identified that should be compensated. These factors are broadly classified into following categories. There are some jobs where the experience is essential, such as those involving some unstructured or semi structured decision making. Higher the requirement of asset, high the productivity and thus there should be higher compensation for it. If the mental effort is required, it should be paid higher than the requirement f physical effort. ... The more non-routine abilities required, the grater should be the compensation. Responsibilities If the responsibilities are broader, such as the responsibility to supervise as well, it should be paid higher. Dominant Effort If the mental effort is required, it should be paid higher than the requirement f physical effort. It is so because; the mental effort requires more education and experience so as to be able to take semi-structured and unstructured decisions. Working Conditions If the working conditions are not conducive, the employee should be paid higher. The next step is to determine the various levels for each of the factors determined previously. The levels identified were A. Experience 1. no experience 2. less than 1 year 3. 1-2 years 4. more than 2 years B. Education 1. Graduate 2. Undergraduate 3. High School Pass 4. No education C. Ability required 1. expert 2. average 3. routine work D. Responsibilities 1. Individual 2. Supervisory E. Dominant Effort 1. Mental 2. Physical F. Working Conditions 1. Extreme 2. Mild 3. Conducive After this, the next step is to assign the rating to each factor on the basis of its worth, the rate assigned are as follows Factor Name Level: 1 2 3 4 Maximum Experience 1.2 2.5 3.8 5.0 5 Education 1.8 3.5 5.2 7.0 7 Ability Required 2.7 5.3 8.0 8 Responsibility 5.0 10.0 10 Efforts 3.5 7.0 7 Working Conditions 2.7 5.3 8.0 8 The above mentioned maximum rating to each factor is based on its perceived worth on the scale of 1 to 10. This may however be subjective, but that subjectivity would be effective on all jobs to be evaluated, rather than being biased to only one. The rating to all levels of a factor is determined by equally dividing the maximum rate for the factor among all the

Importance of play in the speech and language therapy Assignment

Importance of play in the speech and language therapy - Assignment Example In my opinion, the members of administration team simply do not understand the importance of play in the children’s development and I believe such actions will highly affect our department. Playing is one of the activities that young children often spend the better part of their time doing during the day and it is therefore important to appreciate the significance and impact of playing on the learning and development of children (Pellegrini, 278). First and foremost children often use play to experiment and explore new things as well as use words to express their thoughts and ideas during play. As children grow and become more sophisticated in their play skills, their language development may equally advance. Children use language during play to solve problems and to communicate their desires. During play, children are normally provided with opportunities for social interaction with their peers and therefore learn to express and control their emotions using language. Speech an d language learning is an ongoing process that takes place all day long particularly during the children’s everyday activities such as playing. During such activities, children usually significantly enhance their communication and language skills in a very indirect way. Additionally play materials that allow children with language problems to play imitative and repetitive games may also them to acquire important skills such as those of listening and attention which are necessary for their speech and language development. According to many speech and language experts, play is one of the most effective and natural ways of encouraging the development of speech and language skills in children. This is particularly because small children usually learn many skills such as listening, attention, sharing, building sentences and imagination through play. Another important reason why it is critically for the hospital administration not to affect any budget cut on the play materials in m y department is that play helps the children to develop their concentration ability. For example playing children not only focus on objects and people but they also listen and learn a lot of new names and words and this is necessary for their communication development. Apart from speech and language development, playing also help children to learn about cultural expectations and norms, discover the world around them and learn how to negotiate their ways in their surroundings. Play also support development and learning of children in a number of ways. Recent research suggests that sufficient play not only enhances growth and enrichment of children but their active participation also facilitates control and mastery leading to feelings of self efficacy and competence. On the other hand, play also encourages children to take turns and this is also important because individuals often take turns to speak and listen during normal conversations. Play enhances confidence in children while ex pressing themselves and through this the child develops the art of; listening and attention, naming, building sentences and understanding. In order to learn a language, children need both to hear and see signs. This is why most of the play materials designed for children are usually labeled and described to enable them to make connection between the objects and the words and eventually learn to use such words. Children need very many playing materials and the proposed budget cuts may potentially affect their learning abilities. Right from birth babies should get sufficient playing materials such as dolls,

Health policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Health policy - Essay Example The funds will be used to develop an advanced genetic sequencing technology (Burton, 1). 70 million dollars, will be used by the national cancer institute, to develop a genome marker that will help in much more precise cancer treatment. Further 5million dollars will be allocated to the health record information management that will ensure that the data collected is stored safely and accessible to researchers. The physicians will also have access to the information to aid them in the management of patients. This initiative, will go long way in reducing the cost patient’s incur while undergoing treatment when empirical treatment is used. This too will prevent the patients from having to take a number of medication therapies that are not helpful to their conditions. I agree with the policy and the article since it will be of much help to the patients and the physicians as a whole. It will provide a guideline on the modality of treatment hence saving on time used to figure out the best method of treatment for a particular ailment Burton, Thomas M. "Obama to seek $215 million for precion-medicne." Wall Street Jounal (2015): 1. Document, Retrieved from

The Current Evidence of Human Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

The Current Evidence of Human Evolution - Essay Example Interestingly, humans, Homo sapiens, have not yet stopped the journey of evolution. To date, humans still evolve (Schumann, 1998, p93). Nature is very dynamic and with every change in nature, humans have always found a way of adapting to the new domains. Change in nature is inevitable obliging life forms to keep abreast to the changes in order to thrive or survive. A life form that finds it hard to transform to the changing demands of nature eventually dies out (extinction). Humans are the most intelligent creature in the world and they have been so dynamic to the dynamic life conditions they get subjected to by nature. Scientists have come up with new ideas to study this course and a wealth of evidence has been established that supports the fact that indeed, human beings (Homo sapiens) do still evolve to date. One can only imagine the next life forms human would be like if the currently continuing trend. Before the evidences were discovered, many scientists believed that humans have stopped evolving because the advanced cultural and technological states have annihilated the possibility of natural selection that induces evolutionary changes. However, recent scientists have established that humans are still evolving due to social and environmental changes. There is always a specific and special need for humans when the environment changes. The assumption that human technology has been able to create provisions to humans, hence, reducing the biological pressures that could trigger genetic alterations has been disqualified by recent research. In fact, it is reported that the genetic signals are very vivid and can be detected in few births. In Quebec, a town in Canada, for instance, recent human evolution has been detected. Researchers (scientists in this quest) say that micro-changes in the overall gene structure in humans can be detected in

Road Pricing is Inefficient but Fair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Road Pricing is Inefficient but Fair - Essay Example Introducing marginal cost pricing in the London transport sector does not guarantee an efficient outcome when there are externalities or distortions in other (related) sectors in the economy, which are not priced according to marginal cost. Marginal cost pricing has proved difficult to implement in the UK. Such form of pricing would require highly differentiated pricing systems in time and space, which would be expensive to provide and confusing to drivers [7]. From these factors, it is clear that first-best pricing is not very relevant from a practical perspective.A second-best charge can be defined as the optimal road charge when the true optimum (first best charge) is unavailable due to constraints on policy choice. The theory of second best says that a policy that would be optimal without such constraints may not be second-best optimal if other policies are constrained. Unfortunately, this also poses problems. In order to compute a second-best road charge, a fair amount of inform ation is still required, including marginal congestion costs and the exact tax constraints [5].The problem of traffic congestion in London still remains and a solution is required. There is an externality that creates an imperfection in an already imperfect market. A similar problem arises with environmental pollution. We will look at the London Congestion Charging Scheme and its proposed extension as its test-example. We find that the welfare gains from a congestion charge depend crucially on the location. of where the charge applies and charge level and our results are only valid for the set of boundaries that have been proposed by Transport for London (TfL). If the model we use covered a different area, traffic flows and times savings would be different. The political economy of such decisions is not always guided by any efficiency principles, but rather by political forces and lobbies. The final result will be the combination of different pressure and political groups and this m ay or may

Health policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Health policy - Essay Example The funds will be used to develop an advanced genetic sequencing technology (Burton, 1). 70 million dollars, will be used by the national cancer institute, to develop a genome marker that will help in much more precise cancer treatment. Further 5million dollars will be allocated to the health record information management that will ensure that the data collected is stored safely and accessible to researchers. The physicians will also have access to the information to aid them in the management of patients. This initiative, will go long way in reducing the cost patient’s incur while undergoing treatment when empirical treatment is used. This too will prevent the patients from having to take a number of medication therapies that are not helpful to their conditions. I agree with the policy and the article since it will be of much help to the patients and the physicians as a whole. It will provide a guideline on the modality of treatment hence saving on time used to figure out the best method of treatment for a particular ailment Burton, Thomas M. "Obama to seek $215 million for precion-medicne." Wall Street Jounal (2015): 1. Document, Retrieved from

Road Pricing is Inefficient but Fair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Road Pricing is Inefficient but Fair - Essay Example Introducing marginal cost pricing in the London transport sector does not guarantee an efficient outcome when there are externalities or distortions in other (related) sectors in the economy, which are not priced according to marginal cost. Marginal cost pricing has proved difficult to implement in the UK. Such form of pricing would require highly differentiated pricing systems in time and space, which would be expensive to provide and confusing to drivers [7]. From these factors, it is clear that first-best pricing is not very relevant from a practical perspective.A second-best charge can be defined as the optimal road charge when the true optimum (first best charge) is unavailable due to constraints on policy choice. The theory of second best says that a policy that would be optimal without such constraints may not be second-best optimal if other policies are constrained. Unfortunately, this also poses problems. In order to compute a second-best road charge, a fair amount of inform ation is still required, including marginal congestion costs and the exact tax constraints [5].The problem of traffic congestion in London still remains and a solution is required. There is an externality that creates an imperfection in an already imperfect market. A similar problem arises with environmental pollution. We will look at the London Congestion Charging Scheme and its proposed extension as its test-example. We find that the welfare gains from a congestion charge depend crucially on the location. of where the charge applies and charge level and our results are only valid for the set of boundaries that have been proposed by Transport for London (TfL). If the model we use covered a different area, traffic flows and times savings would be different. The political economy of such decisions is not always guided by any efficiency principles, but rather by political forces and lobbies. The final result will be the combination of different pressure and political groups and this m ay or may

Nonverbal Communication Codes Essay Example for Free

Nonverbal Communication Codes Essay 1. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? Why are you looking at me? Is the nonverbal message that I would take from the woman with the bad tan. 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? I believe the nonverbal message in this image is Affect Displays. A woman with an obvious bad tan seems as though she has a negative reaction to the gentleman that’s doing a double take, looking at her. Her facial expression has a look of irritation from the staring 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? It is hard to determine the effect on the other people that is in the image; however, I suppose the people that are around them that saw the interaction should’ve felt the awkwardness as well. It would be obvious that the signal would be not to get involved and to look away. 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? Smiling or showing a friendly face and eye contact should have been made to reduce the feeling of inadequacy or awkwardness. 1. What cultural barriers are seen in this image? I believe the gentleman is focused on the group of woman because he is trying to figure out their dress and culture because it is different than his. 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? I feel like the type of nonverbal communication codes that is being used is Affect Displays and Regulators. The gentleman’s posture is used to communicate his emotion and his posture asked the question, â€Å"what are you are doing, and why you dressed that way?† This is an example of the affect Displays because his posture is showing emotions. The other code that is then displayed is the regulator because he is giving eye contact to the group with a facial expression, and open mouth or raised eyebrow, trying to get the group’s attention. 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? The effect that each person has in the image is of non-affect. No one has notice the gentleman’s non-verbal communication methods. Either no one sees it, or he is being ignored, based off of the individuals in the picture. 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? The nonverbal communication skills and strategies that can be used to communicate effectively in this situation were simply being a friendly face and smile to show no threat. Also, if the gentleman was really serious, he should have stopped and face the group that he was trying to get their attention 1. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? The nonverbal message in this image says that there are still places in Asia where smoking continues to be allowed in some public places; and, smoking is a popular thing to do. 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? The nonverbal communication code that is used to deliver this message is the Adapters. Adapters are nonverbal behaviors that help you satisfy personal needs and adapt to the immediate situation or surroundings. 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? The effect that being an adapter in this image has on other people in the image I believe is that smoking is addictive and if one person smokes a cigarette and you are a smoker thing you will want a cigarette as well. 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? I am not a smoker; I would either leave the room or show displeasure from secondhand smoke. 1. What cultural barriers can be seen in this image? 2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 5. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What cultural barriers can be seen in this image? The cultural barriers in this image can be defined as business people who are possibly on their way to work on being a know it annoyed by a woman on her cell phone, not paying attention to where she’s going. 2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? In this image, the people display a busy, business like image. The affect display can be displayed through their posture, and by putting little expression on their faces. It is almost as if it is a hostile rush to get where they’re going. 3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? The nonverbal communication codes that can be displayed from this image is the Affect Display. 4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? It seems as though the people in this image are annoyed by the woman was talking on her cell phone and not paying attention to where she’s going or having a very loud conversation. 5. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? Lady, please hang up the phone and watch where you’re going.